Paul Samuelson

Paul Samuelson
Samuelson between 1970 and 1975
Born	Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-05-15)May 15, 1915 Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Died	December 13, 2009(2009-12-13) (aged 94) Belmont, Massachusetts, U.S.
Spouses	Marion Crawford (m. 1938; died 1978) ^[1] Risha Clay (m. 1981) ^[2]

Academic background
Education	University of Chicago (BA) Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Doctoral advisor	Joseph Schumpeter Wassily Leontief
Influences	Keynes • Schumpeter • Leontief • Haberler • Hansen • Wilson • Wicksell • Lindahl
Academic work
Discipline	Macroeconomics
School or tradition	Neo-Keynesian economics
Institutions	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Doctoral students	Lawrence Klein^[3]^[4] Robert C. Merton^[5]
Notable ideas	Neoclassical synthesis Mathematical economics Economic methodology Revealed preference International trade Economic growth Public goods


Awards	John Bates Clark Medal (1947) Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1970) National Medal of Science (1996)

Website	Information at IDEAS / RePEc
Signature

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Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. When awarding the prize in 1970, the Swedish Royal Academies stated that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory".^[6]

Samuelson was one of the most influential economists of the latter half of the 20th century.^[7]^[8] In 1996, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.^[6] Samuelson considered mathematics to be the "natural language" for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book Foundations of Economic Analysis.^[9] He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis, first published in 1948.^[10] It was the second American textbook that attempted to explain the principles of Keynesian economics.

Samuelson served as an advisor to President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. Johnson, and was a consultant to the United States Treasury, the Bureau of the Budget and the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman, where they represented opposing sides: Samuelson, as a self described "Cafeteria Keynesian",^[7] claimed taking the Keynesian perspective but only accepting what he felt was good in it.^[7] By contrast, Friedman represented the monetarist perspective.^[11] Together with Henry Wallich, their 1967 columns earned the magazine a Gerald Loeb Special Award in 1968.^[12]

Biography

Samuelson was born in Gary, Indiana, on May 15, 1915, to Frank Samuelson, a pharmacist, and Ella née Lipton.^[13] His family, he later said, was "made up of upwardly mobile Jewish immigrants from Poland who had prospered considerably in World War I, because Gary was a brand new steel-town when my family went there".^[14] In 1923, Samuelson moved to Chicago where he graduated from Hyde Park High School (now Hyde Park Career Academy).

Samuelson attended the University of Chicago as an undergraduate, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1935. He said he was born as an economist at 8:00 am on January 2, 1932, in the University of Chicago classroom.^[7] The lecture mentioned as the cause was on the British economist Thomas Malthus, who most famously studied population growth and its effects.^[14] Samuelson felt there was a dissonance between neoclassical economics and the way the system seemed to behave; he said Henry Simons and Frank Knight were a big influence on him.^[15] He next completed his Master of Arts degree in 1936, and his Doctor of Philosophy in 1941 at Harvard University. He won the David A. Wells Prize in 1941 for writing the best doctoral dissertation at Harvard University in economics, for a thesis titled "Foundations of Analytical Economics", which later turned into Foundations of Economic Analysis. As a graduate student at Harvard, Samuelson studied economics under Joseph Schumpeter, Wassily Leontief, Gottfried Haberler, and the "American Keynes" Alvin Hansen.

Samuelson moved to MIT as an assistant professor in 1940 and remained there until his death.^[16] Samuelson's biographer argues that a central reason for Samuelson's move from Harvard to MIT was the anti-Semitism that was famously widespread at Harvard at the time. In a 1989 letter to his friend Henry Rosovsky, Samuelson blamed anti-Semitism in Harvard economics above all on chair Harold Burbank, as well as on Edward Chamberlin, John H. Williams, John D. Black, and Leonard Crum.^[17]

Samuelson's family included many well-known economists, including brother Robert Summers, sister-in-law Anita Summers, brother-in-law Kenneth Arrow and nephew Larry Summers.

During his seven decades as an economist, Samuelson's professional positions included:

Assistant professor of economics at MIT, 1940; associate professor, 1944.
Member of the Radiation Laboratory 1944–45.
Professor of international economic relations (part-time) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1945.
Guggenheim Fellowship from 1948 to 1949
Professor of economics at MIT beginning in 1947 and Institute Professor beginning in 1962.
Vernon F. Taylor Visiting Distinguished Professor at Trinity University (Texas) in spring 1989.

Death

Samuelson died after a brief illness on December 13, 2009, at the age of 94.^[18] His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[14] James M. Poterba, an economics professor at MIT and the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research, commented that Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands".^[18] Susan Hockfield, the president of MIT, said that Samuelson "transformed everything he touched: the theoretical foundations of his field, the way economics was taught around the world, the ethos and stature of his department, the investment practices of MIT, and the lives of his colleagues and students".^[19] His second wife died in 2019.

Fields of interest

As professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Samuelson worked in many fields, including:^[20]

Consumer theory, where he pioneered the revealed preference approach, which is a method by which one can discern a consumer's utility function, by observing their behavior. Rather than postulate a utility function or a preference ordering, Samuelson imposed conditions directly on the choices made by individuals – their preferences as revealed by their choices.^[21]
Welfare economics and public finance theory, in which he popularised the Lindahl–Bowen–Samuelson conditions (criteria for deciding whether an action will improve welfare) and demonstrated in 1950 the insufficiency of a national-income index to reveal which of two social options was uniformly outside the other's (feasible) possibility function, and he is particularly known for his work on determining the optimal allocation of resources in the presence of both public goods and private goods.^[22]^[23]
Capital theory, where he is known for 1958 consumption loans model and a variety of turnpike theorems and involved in Cambridge capital controversy.^[24]^[25]
Finance theory, in which he is known for the random walk hypothesis and efficient-market hypothesis.^[26]^[27]^[28]
International economics, where he influenced the development of two important international trade models: the Balassa–Samuelson effect, and the Heckscher–Ohlin model (with the Stolper–Samuelson theorem).^[29]^[30]
Macroeconomics, where he popularized the overlapping generations model as a way to analyze economic agents' behavior across multiple periods of time,^[31] developed multiplier-accelerator model,^[32] analyzed Phillips curve,^[33] and contributed to formation of the neoclassical synthesis.^[34]

Impact

Samuelson is considered one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics. In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, the committee stated:

More than any other contemporary economist, Samuelson has helped to raise the general analytical and methodological level in economic science. He has simply rewritten considerable parts of economic theory. He has also shown the fundamental unity of both the problems and analytical techniques in economics, partly by a systematic application of the methodology of maximization for a broad set of problems. This means that Samuelson's contributions range over a large number of different fields.

He was also essential in creating the neoclassical synthesis, which ostensibly incorporated Keynesian and neoclassical principles and still dominates current mainstream economics. In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.^[35]

Samuelson believed unregulated markets have drawbacks, he stated, "free markets do not stabilise themselves. Zero regulating is vastly suboptimal to rational regulating. Libertarianism is its own worst enemy!" Samuelson strongly criticised Friedman and Friedrich Hayek, arguing their opposition to state intervention "tells us something about them rather than something about Genghis Khan or Franklin Roosevelt. It is paranoid to warn against inevitable slippery slopes ... once individual commercial freedoms are in any way infringed upon."^[7]

Aphorisms and quotations

Stanislaw Ulam once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences that is both true and nontrivial. Several years later, Samuelson responded with David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage: "That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that it is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them."^[36]^[37]

For many years, Samuelson wrote a column for Newsweek. One article included Samuelson's most quoted remark and a favorite economics joke:

To prove that Wall Street is an early omen of movements still to come in GNP, commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions! And its mistakes were beauties.^[38]

In the early editions of his famous, bestselling economics textbook Paul Samuelson joked that GDP falls when a man "marries his maid".^[39]

Publications

Foundations of Economic Analysis

Paul Samuelson's book Foundations of Economic Analysis (1946) is considered his magnum opus. It is derived from his doctoral dissertation, and was inspired by the classical thermodynamic methods.^[40] The book proposes to:

Examine underlying analogies between central features in theoretical and applied economics and
Study how operationally meaningful theorems can be derived with a small number of analogous methods (p. 3),

in order to derive "a general theory of economic theories" (Samuelson, 1983, p. xxvi). The book showed how these goals could be parsimoniously and fruitfully achieved, using the language of the mathematics applied to diverse subfields of economics. The book proposes two general hypotheses as sufficient for its purposes:

Maximizing behavior of agents (including consumers as to utility and business firms as to profit) and
Economic systems (including a market and an economy) in stable equilibrium.

The first tenet suggests that all actors, whether firms or consumers, are striving to maximize something. They could be attempting to maximize profits, utility, or wealth, but it did not matter because their efforts to improve their well-being would provide a basic model for all actors in an economic system.^[41] His second tenet focuses on providing insight on the workings of equilibrium in an economy. Generally in a market, supply would equal demand. However, he noted that this isn't always the case and that the important thing to look at was a system's natural resting point. Foundations presents the question of how an equilibrium would react when it is moved from its optimal point.^[41] Samuelson was also influential in providing explanations on how the changes in certain factors can affect an economic system. For example, he could explain the economic effect of changes in taxes or new technologies.

In the course of analysis, comparative statics, (the analysis of changes in equilibrium of the system that result from a parameter change of the system) is formalized and clearly stated.

The chapter on welfare economics "attempt(s) to give a brief but fairly complete survey of the whole field of welfare economics" (Samuelson, 1947, p. 252). It also exposits on and develops what became commonly called the Bergson–Samuelson social welfare function. It shows how to represent (in the maximization calculus) all real-valued economic measures of any belief system that is required to rank consistently different feasible social configurations in an ethical sense as "better than", "worse than", or "indifferent to" each other (p. 221).

Economics

Samuelson is also author (and from 1985 co-author) of an influential principles textbook, Economics, first published in 1948 (19th ed. as of 2010; multiple reprints). The book sold more than 300,000 copies of each edition from 1961 through 1976 and was translated into forty-one languages. As of 2018, it had sold over four million copies. William Nordhaus joined as co-author on the 12th edition (1985). Sometime before 1988, it had become the best-selling economics textbook of all time.^[42]^[43]

Samuelson was once quoted as saying, "Let those who will write the nation's laws if I can write its textbooks."^[44] Written in the shadow of the Great Depression and the Second World War, it helped to popularize the insights of John Maynard Keynes. A main focus was how to avoid, or at least mitigate, the recurring slumps in economic activity.

Samuelson wrote: "It is not too much to say that the widespread creation of dictatorships and the resulting World War II stemmed in no small measure from the world's failure to meet this basic economic problem [the Great Depression] adequately."^[45] This reflected the concern of Keynes himself with the economic causes of war and the importance of economic policy in promoting peace.^[46]^[47]^[48]

Samuelson's book was the second to introduce Keynesian economics to a wide audience, and was by far the most successful. Canadian economist Lorie Tarshis, who had been a student attending Keynes's lectures at Harvard in the 1930s, published in 1947 an introductory textbook that incorporated his lecture notes, titled Elements of Economics.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Samuelson's textbook was a watershed in introducing the serious study of business cycles to the economics curriculum. It was particularly timely because it followed the Great Depression. The study of business cycles along with the introduction of the Keynesian approach of aggregate demand set the stage for the macroeconomic revolution in America, which then diffused throughout the world through translations into every major language. Generations of students, who then became teachers, learned their first and most influential lessons from Samuelson's Economics. It attracted many imitators, who became successful in different niches of the college market.

The text was not without criticism. While it praised the "mixed economy" of market and government, some found that too radical and attacked it as socialist. As a precursor to criticisms of Samuelson's Economics textbook, Lorie Tarshis's textbook was attacked by trustees of, and donors to, American colleges and universities as preaching a "socialist heresy".^[52] Piling on, William F. Buckley, Jr., in his 1951 book, God and Man at Yale, devoted an entire chapter, attacking both Samuelson's and Tarshis' textbooks. For Samuelson's book, Buckley drew from the Educational Examiner and credited it as an "excellent review of Samuelson's text." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234)^[53]^[a] For Tarshis' book, Buckley drew from Merwin K. Hart's organization to wit: "I am also grateful to the National Economic Council for its telling analysis of the Tarshis." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234)^[53] Buckley essentially characterized both as – in the words of Paul Davidson – "communist inspired".^[53]^[51] Buckley, for the rest of his life, defended the criticisms set forth in his book.

Other publications

There are 388 papers in Samuelson's Collected Scientific Papers. Stanley Fischer (1987, p. 234) writes that taken together they are "unique in their verve, breadth of economic and general knowledge, mastery of setting, and generosity of allusions to predecessors".

Samuelson was co-editor, along with William A. Barnett, of Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists (Blackwell Publishing, 2007), a collection of interviews with notable economists of the 20th century.

Memberships

Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,^[54] the American Philosophical Society,^[55] the United States National Academy of Sciences,^[56]
Fellow of the British Academy
President (1965–68) of the International Economic Association
Member and past president (1961) of the American Economic Association
Member of the editorial board and past president (1951) of the Econometric Society
Fellow, council member and past vice-president of the Royal Economic Society.
Member of Phi Beta Kappa.

Selected publications

Textbooks and chapters

Samuelson, Paul A. (1947), Enlarged ed. 1983. Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1948), Economics: An Introductory Analysis, ISBN 0070747415; with William D. Nordhaus (since 1985), 2009, 19th ed., McGraw–Hill. ISBN 978-0071263832
Samuelson, Paul A. (1958), Linear Programming and Economic Analysis with Robert Dorfman and Robert M. Solow, McGraw–Hill. Chapter-preview links.

Chapters

Samuelson, Paul A. (1966) [1960]. "Efficient paths of capital accumulation in terms of the calculus of variations". In Arrow, Kenneth J.; Karlin, Samuel; Suppes, Patrick (eds.). Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium. Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 77–88. ISBN 978-0804700214.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1982). "Quesnay's 'Tableau Economique' as a theorist would formulate it today". In Meek, Ronald; Bradley, Ian C.; Howard, Michael C. (eds.). Classical and Marxian political economy: essays in honour of Ronald L. Meek. London: Macmillan. pp. 45–78. ISBN 978-0333321997.

Journal articles

Samuelson, Paul A. (1952). "Economic Theory and Mathematics – An Appraisal" (PDF). American Economic Review. 42 (2): 56–66.
Samuelson, Paul A (1954). "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure". Review of Economics and Statistics. 36 (4): 387–89. doi:10.2307/1925895. JSTOR 1925895. S2CID 153571905.

Collected works

The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson, MIT Press. Preview links for vol. 1–3 below. Contents links for vol. 4–7. OCLC 1079936608 (all editions).
- Samuelson, Paul A. (1966), Vol. 1 → via Google Books, 1937–mid-1964.
- ––. (1966), Vol. 2 → via Google Books, 1937–mid-1964.
- ––. (1972), Vol. 3 → via Google Books, mid-1964–1970.
- ––.(1977), Vol. 4 → via Internet Archive (registration required), 1971–76.
- ––. (1986), Vol. 5 → via Google Books, 1977–1985 Description → via
- ––. (2011), Vol. 6^{[permanent dead link]}, 1986–2009. Description → via Wayback Machine
- ––. (2011), Vol. 7^{[permanent dead link]}, 1986–2009.

Essays

Samuelson, Paul A. (1983). "My Life Philosophy", The American Economist, 27(2), pp. 5–12.
Samuelson, Paul A. (2007), Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists with William A. Barnett, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405159170
Samuelson, Paul A. (2002), Paul Samuelson and the Foundations of Modern Economics, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-0765801142

Papers

Paul A. Samuelson Papers, 1933–2010, Rubenstein Library, Duke University. OCLC 664246147.

Notes

Explanatory annotations

↑ The Educational Reviewer was founded in 1949 by Lucille Cardin Crain (née Marie Lucille Gabrielle Cardin; 1901–1983), a conservative activist whose primary interest was in – as she stated in 1951 – "rooting out radical influences in American education." In each issue, arch-conservative academicians and writers offered their views of high school and college textbooks as evidence of collectivist content and the like. The publication, for the first three years, was chiefly financed by William F. Buckley, Jr. Crain's husband, Kenneth Cardwell Crain (1883–1969), was a brother of Gustavus Demetrious Crain, Jr. (1885–1973), founder of Crain Communications.

References

↑ "Marion Crawford Samuelson". The New York Times. February 15, 1978. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
↑ "Risha Clay Samuelson: Obituary". The Boston Globe. June 4, 2019.
↑ Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia, p. 361, at Google Books
↑ De Vroey, Michel; Malgrange, Pierre (2012). "From The Keynesian Revolution to the Klein–Goldberger model: Klein and the Dynamization of Keynesian Theory". History of Economic Ideas. 20 (2): 113–36.
↑ Merton, Robert C. (1970). Analytical Optimal Control Theory as Applied to Stochastic and Non-Stochastic Economics (PhD dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/13875.
1 2 Frost, Greg (December 13, 2009). "Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94". MIT News. "In a career that spanned seven decades, he transformed his field, influenced millions of students and turned MIT into an economics powerhouse"
1 2 3 4 5 "Paul Samuelson: The last of the great general economists died on December 13th, aged 94", The Economist, December 17, 2009
↑ Dixit, Avinash (September 1, 2012). "Paul Samuelson's Legacy". Annual Review of Economics. 4 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110957. ISSN 1941-1383.
↑ Solow, Robert (2010). "On Paul Samuelson". Challenge. 53 (2): 113–116. doi:10.2753/0577-5132530207. S2CID 155020549.
↑ Skousken, Mark (Spring 1997). "The Perseverance of Paul Samuelson's Economics". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 11 (2): 137–152. doi:10.1257/jep.11.2.137.
↑ Szenberg, Michael; Gottesman, Aron A.; Ramrattan, lall (2005). Paul Samuelson: On Being an Economist. New York: Jorge Pinto Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0974261539.
↑ Devaney, James J. (May 22, 1968). "'Playboy', 'Monitor' Honored". Hartford Courant. Vol. 131, no. 143 (Final ed.). p. 36. Retrieved March 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
↑ "SAMUELSON, PAUL". Marquis Who's Who in the World (18th 2001 ed.). New Providence, NJ: Reed Elsevier. 2000. p. 1894. Retrieved February 11, 2026 – via Internet Archive.
1 2 3 Weinstein, Michael M. (December 13, 2009). "Paul A. Samuelson, Economist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
↑ Parker, Randall E. (2002). Reflections on the Great Depression. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. p. 25. ISBN 978-1843763352.
↑ Backhouse, R. E. (2014). "Paul A. Samuelson's Move to MIT". History of Political Economy. 46: 60. doi:10.1215/00182702-2716118.
↑ Backhouse, Roger (2017). Founder of Modern Economics: Paul Samuelson, vol. 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915–1948. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 300–307. ISBN 978-0190664091.
1 2 "Nobel economics laureate Samuelson died at 94". Reuters. December 14, 2006.
↑ "Economics revolutionary Paul Samuelson dies aged 94", The Daily Telegraph, December 14, 2009
↑ Fischer, Stanley. "Samuelson, Paul Anthony (1915–2009)". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Third Edition. Eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (1948). "Consumption Theory in Terms of Revealed Preference". Economica. 15 (60): 243–253. doi:10.2307/2549561. ISSN 0013-0427. JSTOR 2549561.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (1950). "Evaluation of Real National Income". Oxford Economic Papers. 2 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041383. ISSN 0030-7653.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (1954). "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 36 (4): 387–389. doi:10.2307/1925895. ISSN 0034-6535. JSTOR 1925895.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (June 1962). "Parable and Realism in Capital Theory: The Surrogate Production Function". The Review of Economic Studies. 29 (3): 193–206. doi:10.2307/2295954. ISSN 0034-6527. JSTOR 2295954.
↑ Samuelson, P. A. (January 1, 1976). "The periodic turnpike theorem". Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications. 1 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1016/0362-546X(76)90004-3. ISSN 0362-546X.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (Spring 1965). "Proof That Properly Anticipated Prices Fluctuate Randomly". Industrial Management Review. 6 (2): 41–49.
↑ Samuelson, P. A. (October 1, 1970). "The Fundamental Approximation Theorem of Portfolio Analysis in terms of Means, Variances and Higher Moments". The Review of Economic Studies. 37 (4): 537–542. doi:10.2307/2296483. ISSN 0034-6527. JSTOR 2296483.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (October 31, 1974). "Challenge to Judgment". The Journal of Portfolio Management. 1 (1): 17–19. doi:10.3905/jpm.1974.408496.
↑ Stolper, W. F.; Samuelson, P. A. (November 1, 1941). "Protection and Real Wages". The Review of Economic Studies. 9 (1): 58–73. doi:10.2307/2967638. ISSN 0034-6527. JSTOR 2967638.
↑ Samuelson, P. A. (1964). "Theoretical Notes on Trade Problems". Review of Economics and Statistics. 46 (2): 145–154. doi:10.2307/1928178. JSTOR 1928178.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (December 1958). "An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money". Journal of Political Economy. 66 (6): 467–482. doi:10.1086/258100. ISSN 0022-3808.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (May 1939). "Interactions between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 21 (2): 75–78. doi:10.2307/1927758. JSTOR 1927758.
↑ Samuelson, Paul A.; Solow, Robert M. (1960). "Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy". The American Economic Review. 50 (2): 177–194. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1815021.
↑ Tobin, James. "Macroeconomics and fiscal policy". Paul Samuelson and Modern Economic Theory. Eds. E. Cary Brown and Robert M. Solow. McGraw-Hill, 1983.
↑ "Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts". April 3, 2003. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
↑ Samuelson, Paul (1969). "The Way of an Economist". In Samuelson, P. A. (ed.). International Economic Relations: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the International Economic Association. London: Macmillan. pp. 1–11.
↑ Worstall, Tim (December 16, 2009). "Second near random Paul Samuelson anecdote of the day". Retrieved June 12, 2025.
↑ Samuelson, Paul (September 19, 1966). "Science and Stocks". Newsweek. p. 92.
↑ "The Trouble With GDP". The Economist. April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
↑ Liossatos, Panagis, S. (2004). "Statistical Entropy in General Equilibrium Theory", (p. 3). Department of Economics, Florida International University.
1 2 Solow, Robert (January 15, 2010). "Paul A. Samuelson (1915–2009)". Science. 327 (5963): 282. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..282S. doi:10.1126/science.1186205. PMID 20075240. S2CID 206525085.
↑ Rosalsky, Gregory Ellis (March 14, 2018). "Freeing Econ 101: Beyond the Grasp of the Invisible Hand". Behavorial Scientist (non-profit digital magazine). Broad Street, Lower Manhattan. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
↑ Sanyal, Amal (2018). "After Keynes – Box 6.3: Paul Samuelson". Economics and Its Stories. London: Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. p. 174. ISBN 978-1351581691. ISBN 978-1138099609 (hard copy); ISBN 978-1315098968 (e-book); OCLC 989032184 (all editions).
↑ "Paul Anthony Samuelson: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty". www.econlib.org. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
↑ See Mankiw, Gregory (January 10, 2009). "Is government spending too easy an answer?". The New York Times.
↑ See Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198292364.
↑ Samuelson, Paul (1989). Economics (13th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 837. ISBN 978-0070547865.
↑ "Paul A. Samuelson Biographical".
↑ Tarshis, Lorie (1947). The Elements of Economics: An Introduction to the Theory of Price and Employment. Houghton Mifflin Company – The Riverside Press. OCLC 989388561. Retrieved April 23, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
↑ Harcourt, G. C. (July 1982). "An Early Post Keynesian: Lorie Tarshis (or: Tarshis on Tarshis by Harcourt)". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 4 (4). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 609–619. doi:10.1080/01603477.1982.11489324. JSTOR 4537699. Retrieved November 19, 2022. ISSN 0160-3477 (publication); OCLC 222424878, 5550180927, 7323662377 (article).
1 2 Davidson, Paul (Autumn 2005). "Galbraith and the Post Keynesians". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 28 (1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 103–113. JSTOR 4538962. Retrieved April 22, 2021.("William F. Buckley [ ... ] attacked Tarshis's book as being communist inspired." p. 107) ISSN 0160-3477 (print publication); ISSN 1557-7821 (online publication); OCLC 5550151503, 192224991 (article).
↑ Davidson, Paul (Spring 2015). "What Was the Primary Factor Encouraging Mainstream Economists to Marginalize Post Keynesian Theory?". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 37 (3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 369–383. doi:10.1080/01603477.2015.1000093. S2CID 154780517. ISSN 0160-3477 (print publication); ISSN 1557-7821 (online publication); ProQuest 1673822215 (abstract; database → ABI/INFORM Collection); OCLC 8504916331 (article).
1 2 3 Buckley, William F. Jr. (1977) [1951]. "Chapter 2: Individualism at Yale". God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom (4th printing). Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. pp. 45–113. ISBN 978-0895266927. Retrieved April 22, 2021 – via Internet Archive.(Buckley's criticism of Tarshis's textbook, The Elements of Economics, begins at p. 49 and is expanded in Appendix VII → pp. 227, 230–231). OCLC 189667 (all editions).
↑ "Paul Anthony Samuelson". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
↑ "Paul A. Samuelson". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved December 15, 2022.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Samuelson.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Paul Samuelson.

Paul Samuelson at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Paul A. Samuelson on Nobelprize.org
Presentation Speech by Professor Assar Lindbeck, Stockholm School of Economics, Award Ceremony, The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1970
A History of Economic Thought biography, 2004
Paul Samuelson, Yale Honorands biography, May 2005
"Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94", MIT News, December 13, 2009
Works by or about Paul Samuelson at the Internet Archive
Appearances on C-SPAN
Paul Samuelson publications indexed by Google Scholar

Awards

Preceded by

Ragnar Frisch
Jan Tinbergen

Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
1970

Succeeded by

Simon Kuznets

v t e Keynesians
Founder	John Maynard Keynes
Neo-Keynesians	Gardner Ackley William Baumol James Duesenberry Robert Eisner Trygve Haavelmo Alvin Hansen Roy Harrod Walter Heller John Hicks Lawrence Klein James Meade Lloyd Metzler Franco Modigliani Robert Mundell Arthur Melvin Okun Don Patinkin Bill Phillips William Poole Paul Samuelson Robert Solow James Tobin
Post-Keynesians	Victoria Chick Paul Davidson Evsey Domar James K. Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith Wynne Godley Myron J. Gordon Geoff Harcourt Michael Hudson Richard Kahn Nicholas Kaldor Michał Kalecki Steve Keen Jan Kregel Marc Lavoie Abba P. Lerner Hyman Minsky Bill Mitchell Basil Moore Steven Pressman Joan Robinson G. L. S. Shackle Pavlina R. Tcherneva Anthony Thirlwall William Vickrey Sidney Weintraub L. Randall Wray
New Keynesians	George Akerlof Ben Bernanke Olivier Blanchard Alan Blinder Guillermo Calvo Richard Clarida Brad DeLong Huw Dixon Stanley Fischer Jordi Galí Mark Gertler Robert J. Gordon Stephany Griffith-Jones Nobuhiro Kiyotaki Paul Krugman Greg Mankiw Maurice Obstfeld Edmund Phelps Ricardo Reis Kenneth Rogoff David Romer Julio Rotemberg Robert Shiller Andrei Shleifer Joseph Stiglitz Lawrence Summers John B. Taylor Michael Woodford Janet Yellen
Related	Keynesian economics

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John Bates Clark Medal recipients

v t e Laureates of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
1969–1975	1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen 1970: Paul A. Samuelson 1971: Simon Kuznets 1972: John R. Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow 1973: Wassily Leontief 1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek 1975: Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans
1976–2000	1976: Milton Friedman 1977: Bertil Ohlin / James E. Meade 1978: Herbert A. Simon 1979: Theodore W. Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis 1980: Lawrence R. Klein 1981: James Tobin 1982: George J. Stigler 1983: Gérard Debreu 1984: Richard Stone 1985: Franco Modigliani 1986: James M. Buchanan Jr. 1987: Robert M. Solow 1988: Maurice Allais 1989: Trygve Haavelmo 1990: Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe 1991: Ronald H. Coase 1992: Gary S. Becker 1993: Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North 1994: John C. Harsanyi / John F. Nash Jr. / Reinhard Selten 1995: Robert E. Lucas Jr. 1996: James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey 1997: Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes 1998: Amartya Sen 1999: Robert A. Mundell 2000: James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden
2001–present	2001: George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz 2002: Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith 2003: Robert F. Engle III / Clive W.J. Granger 2004: Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott 2005: Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling 2006: Edmund S. Phelps 2007: Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson 2008: Paul Krugman 2009: Elinor Ostrom / Oliver E. Williamson 2010: Peter A. Diamond / Dale T. Mortensen / Christopher A. Pissarides 2011: Thomas J. Sargent / Christopher A. Sims 2012: Alvin E. Roth / Lloyd S. Shapley 2013: Eugene F. Fama / Lars Peter Hansen / Robert J. Shiller 2014: Jean Tirole 2015: Angus Deaton 2016: Oliver Hart / Bengt Holmström 2017: Richard H. Thaler 2018: William Nordhaus / Paul Romer 2019: Abhijit Banerjee / Esther Duflo / Michael Kremer 2020: Paul Milgrom / Robert B. Wilson 2021: David Card / Joshua Angrist / Guido Imbens 2022: Ben Bernanke / Douglas Diamond / Philip H. Dybvig 2023: Claudia Goldin 2024: Daron Acemoglu / Simon Johnson / James A. Robinson 2025: Joel Mokyr / Philippe Aghion / Peter Howitt

v t e 1970 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Luis Federico Leloir (Argentina)
Literature (1970)	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Soviet Union)
Peace (1970)	Norman Borlaug (United States)
Physics	Hannes Alfvén (Sweden) Louis Néel (France)
Physiology or Medicine	Julius Axelrod (United States) Ulf von Euler (Sweden) Bernard Katz (Great Britain)
Economic Sciences	Paul Samuelson (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Laureates of the United States National Medal of Science

Behavioral and social science

1960s	1964 Neal Elgar Miller
1980s	1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman
1990s	1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton 1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow
2000s	2000 Gary Becker 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin
2010s	2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura
2020s	2023 Huda Akil Shelley E. Taylor 2025 Larry Bartels

Biological sciences

1960s	1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr
1970s	1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss
1980s	1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood
1990s	1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis
2000s	2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala George F. Bass Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner
2010s	2010 Ralph L. Brinster Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2012 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2013 Rakesh K. Jain 2014 Stanley Falkow Mary-Claire King Simon Levin
2020s	2023 Gebisa Ejeta Eve Marder Gregory Petsko Sheldon Weinbaum 2025 Bonnie Bassler Angela Belcher Helen Blau Emery N. Brown G. David Tilman Teresa Woodruff

Chemistry

1960s	1964 Roger Adams
1980s	1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell
1990s	1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon
2000s	2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2005 Tobin J. Marks 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox
2010s	2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013 Geraldine L. Richmond 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos 2025 R. Lawrence Edwards

Engineering sciences

1960s	1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper Othmar H. Ammann 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970s	1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo
1980s	1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier
1990s	1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
2000s	2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv
2010s	2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2012 Thomas Kailath
2020s	2023 Subra Suresh 2025 John Dabiri

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

1960s	1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller
1970s	1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth
1980s	1982 Marshall H. Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer
1990s	1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman
2000s	2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford
2010s	2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2012 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2013 Michael Artin
2020s	2025 Ingrid Daubechies Cynthia Dwork

Physical sciences

1960s	1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky
1970s	1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf
1980s	1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel
1990s	1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff
2000s	2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington
2010s	2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson
2020s	2023 Barry Barish Myriam Sarachik 2025 Richard Alley Wendy Freedman Keivan Stassun

John von Neumann Lecturers

v t e Presidents of the Econometric Society
1931–1950	Irving Fisher (1931–1934) François Divisia (1935) Harold Hotelling (1936–1937) Arthur Bowley (1938–1939) Joseph Schumpeter (1940–1941) Wesley Mitchell (1942–1943) John Maynard Keynes (1944–1945) Jacob Marschak (1946) Jan Tinbergen (1947) Charles Roos (1948) Ragnar Frisch (1949) Tjalling Koopmans (1950)
1951–1975	R. G. D. Allen (1951) Paul Samuelson (1952) René Roy (1953) Wassily Leontief (1954) Richard Stone (1955) Kenneth Arrow (1956) Trygve Haavelmo (1957) James Tobin (1958) Marcel Boiteux (1959) Lawrence Klein (1960) Henri Theil (1961) Franco Modigliani (1962) Edmond Malinvaud (1963) Robert Solow (1964) Michio Morishima (1965) Herman Wold (1966) Hendrik Houthakker (1967) Frank Hahn (1968) Leonid Hurwicz (1969) Jacques Drèze (1970) Gérard Debreu (1971) W. M. Gorman (1972) Roy Radner (1973) Don Patinkin (1974) Zvi Griliches (1975)
1976–2000	Hirofumi Uzawa (1976) Lionel McKenzie (1977) János Kornai (1978) Franklin M. Fisher (1979) J. Denis Sargan (1980) Marc Nerlove (1981) James A. Mirrlees (1982) Herbert Scarf (1983) Amartya K. Sen (1984) Daniel McFadden (1985) Michael Bruno (1986) Dale Jorgenson (1987) Anthony B. Atkinson (1988) Hugo Sonnenschein (1989) Jean-Michel Grandmont [de] (1990) Peter Diamond (1991) Jean-Jacques Laffont (1992) Andreu Mas-Colell (1993) Takashi Negishi (1994) Christopher Sims (1995) Roger Guesnerie (1996) Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (1997) Jean Tirole (1998) Robert B. Wilson (1999) Elhanan Helpman (2000)
2001–present	Avinash Dixit (2001) Guy Laroque [fr] (2002) Eric Maskin (2003) Ariel Rubinstein (2004) Thomas J. Sargent (2005) Richard Blundell (2006) Lars Peter Hansen (2007) Torsten Persson (2008) Roger B. Myerson (2009) John H. Moore (2010) Bengt Holmström (2011) Jean-Charles Rochet [ru] (2012) James J. Heckman (2013) Manuel Arellano (2014) Robert Porter (2015) Eddie Dekel (2016) Drew Fudenberg (2017) Tim Besley (2018) Stephen Morris (2019) Orazio Attanasio (2020) Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg (2021) Guido Tabellini (2022) Rosa Matzkin (2023) Eliana La Ferrara (2024) Larry Samuelson (2025) Nobuhiro Kiyotaki (2026)

v t e Presidents of the American Economic Association
1886–1900	Francis Amasa Walker (1886) Charles Franklin Dunbar (1893) John Bates Clark (1894) Henry Carter Adams (1896) Arthur Twining Hadley (1898) Richard T. Ely (1900)
1901–1925	Edwin R. A. Seligman (1902) F. W. Taussig (1904) Jeremiah Jenks (1906) Simon Patten (1908) Davis Rich Dewey (1909) Edmund J. James (1910) Henry Walcott Farnam (1911) Frank Fetter (1912) David Kinley (1913) John H. Gray (1914) Walter Francis Willcox (1915) Thomas Nixon Carver (1916) John R. Commons (1917) Irving Fisher (1918) Henry B. Gardner (1919) Herbert J. Davenport (1920) Jacob H. Hollander (1921) Henry R. Seager (1922) Carl C. Plehn (1923) Wesley C. Mitchell (1924) Allyn A. Young (1925)
1926–1950	Edwin W. Kemmerer (1926) Thomas S. Adams (1927) Fred M. Taylor (1928) Edwin F. Gay (1929) Matthew B. Hammond (1930) Ernest L. Bogart (1931) George E. Barnett (1932) William Z. Ripley (1933) Harry A. Millis (1934) John M. Clark (1935) Alvin S. Johnson (1936) Oliver M. W. Sprague (1937) Alvin Hansen (1938) Jacob Viner (1939) Frederick C. Mills (1940) Sumner Slichter (1941) Edwin G. Nourse (1942) Albert B. Wolfe (1943) Joseph S. Davis (1944) I. Leo Sharfman (1945) Emanuel A. Goldenweiser (1946) Paul Douglas (1947) Joseph Schumpeter (1948) Howard S. Ellis (1949) Frank Knight (1950)
1951–1975	John H. Williams (1951) Harold A. Innis (1952) Calvin B. Hoover (1953) Simon Kuznets (1954) John D. Black (1955) Edwin E. Witte (1956) Morris A. Copeland (1957) George W. Stocking (1958) Arthur F. Burns (1959) Theodore W. Schultz (1960) Paul A. Samuelson (1961) Edward S. Mason (1962) Gottfried Haberler (1963) George J. Stigler (1964) Joseph J. Spengler (1965) Fritz Machlup (1966) Milton Friedman (1967) Kenneth E. Boulding (1968) William J. Fellner (1969) Wassily Leontief (1970) James Tobin (1971) John Kenneth Galbraith (1972) Kenneth J. Arrow (1973) Walter W. Heller (1974) R. Aaron Gordon (1975)
1976–2000	Franco Modigliani (1976) Lawrence R. Klein (1977) Jacob Marschak (1978) Tjalling C. Koopmans (1978) Robert M. Solow (1979) Moses Abramovitz (1980) William J. Baumol (1981) Gardner Ackley (1982) W. Arthur Lewis (1983) Charles L. Schultze (1984) Charles P. Kindleberger (1985) Alice M. Rivlin (1986) Gary S. Becker (1987) Robert Eisner (1988) Joseph A. Pechman (1989) Gérard Debreu (1990) Thomas C. Schelling (1991) William Vickrey (1992) Zvi Griliches (1993) Amartya Sen (1994) Victor R. Fuchs (1995) Anne O. Krueger (1996) Arnold C. Harberger (1997) Robert W. Fogel (1998) D. Gale Johnson (1999) Dale W. Jorgenson (2000)
2001–present	Sherwin Rosen (2001) Robert Lucas Jr. (2002) Peter Diamond (2003) Martin Feldstein (2004) Daniel McFadden (2005) George Akerlof (2006) Thomas J. Sargent (2007) Avinash Dixit (2008) Angus Deaton (2009) Robert Hall (2010) Orley Ashenfelter (2011) Christopher A. Sims (2012) Claudia Goldin (2013) William Nordhaus (2014) Richard Thaler (2015) Robert J. Shiller (2016) Alvin E. Roth (2017) Olivier Blanchard (2018) Ben Bernanke (2019) Janet Yellen (2020) David Card (2021) Christina Romer (2022) Susan Athey (2023) Janet Currie (2024) Lawrence F. Katz (2025)

Presidents of the International Economic Association

Joseph Schumpeter (1950)
Gottfried Haberler (1950–1953)
Howard S. Ellis (1953–1956)
Erik Lindahl (1956–1959)
E. A. G. Robinson (1959–1962)
Giuseppe Ugo Papi (1962–1965)
Paul A. Samuelson (1965–1968)
Erik Lundberg (1968–1971)
Fritz Machlup (1971–1974)
Edmond Malinvaud (1974–1977)
Shigeto Tsuru (1977–1980)
Víctor L. Urquidi (1980–1983)
Kenneth Arrow (1983–1986)
Amartya Sen (1986–1989)
Anthony B. Atkinson (1989–1992)
Michael Bruno (1992–1995)
Jacques Drèze (1995–1999)
Robert M. Solow (1999–2002)
János Kornai (2002–2005)
Guillermo Calvo (2005–2008)
Masahiko Aoki (2008–2011)
Joseph E. Stiglitz (2011–2014)
Tim Besley (2014–2017)
Kaushik Basu (2017–)

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