Alpine skiing

Alpine skiing

Highest governing body	International Ski Federation
First played	1850
Registered players	Yes
Clubs	No
Characteristics
Contact	No
Team members	No
Mixed-sex	No
Type	Outdoor
Equipment	skis, poles, and boots, helmet, goggles
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide
Olympic	since 1936
Paralympic	since the inaugural 1976 Winter Paralympics

Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, unlike other types of skiing (cross-country, Telemark, or ski jumping), which use skis with free-heel bindings. Whether for recreation or for sport, it is typically practiced at ski resorts, which provide such services as ski lifts, artificial snow making, snow grooming, restaurants, and ski patrol.

"Off-piste" skiers—those skiing outside ski area boundaries—may employ snowmobiles, helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope. Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode, including 'sticky' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent, then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent.

Alpine ski racing has been held at the Winter Olympics since 1936.^[1] A competition corresponding to modern slalom was introduced in Oslo, Norway, in 1886.^[2]

Participants and venues

As of 2023, there were estimated to be 55 million people worldwide who engaged in alpine skiing. The estimated number of skiers, who practiced alpine, cross-country skiing, and related snow sports, amounted to 30 million in Europe, 20 million in North America, and 14 million in Japan. As of 1996, there were reportedly 4,500 ski areas, operating 26,000 ski lifts and enjoying skier visits. The predominant region for downhill skiing was Europe, followed by Japan and the United States.^[3]

History

The ancient origins of skiing can be traced back to prehistoric times in Russia, Finland, Sweden and Norway where varying sizes and shapes of wooden planks were found preserved in peat bogs.^[4] The word ski is related to the Old Norse word skíð, which means "split piece of wood or firewood."^[5] Skis were first invented to cross wetlands and marshes in the winter when they froze over. Skiing was an integral part of transportation in colder countries for thousands of years. In the 1760s, skiing was recorded as being used in military training. The Norwegian army held skill competitions involving skiing down slopes, around trees and obstacles while shooting.^[6] The birth of modern alpine skiing is often dated to the 1850s, and during the late 19th century, skiing was adapted from a method of transportation to a competitive and recreational sport.^[4]

Miners ("forty-niners") in California’s "Lost Sierra" learned to ski from Norwegians. They called them "snowshoes" and later "longboards", being 10-14 feet long. These "longboard snowshoes" were also used for delivering mail and in the 1850’s in some of the first organized ski races in the western hemisphere, as noted on the Longboard Ski Races Marker.^[7] Great attention was given to applying "dope" for maximum speed. In 1941 a speed over 87 mph was recorded, faster than a champion on modern alpine skis.^[8]

Norwegian legend Sondre Norheim first began the trend of skis with curved sides, and bindings with stiff heel bands made of willow. Norheim also introduced the slalom turn style.^[4] The wooden skis designed by Norheim closely resemble the shape of modern slalom skis.^[9] Norheim was the champion of the first downhill skiing competition, reportedly held in Oslo, Norway in 1868.^[4] Norheim impressed spectators when he used the stem christie in Christiania (Oslo) in 1868, the technique was originally called christiania turn (norwegian: christianiasving or kristianiasving) after the city (first printed in 1901 in guidelines for ski jumping). The telemark turn was the alternative technique. The christiania turn later developed into parallel turn as the standard technique in alpine skiing.^{[10][11][12][13]}

The term "slalom" is from Norwegian dialects slalåm meaning a trail (låm) on a slope (sla).^[5] In Telemark in the 1800s, the steeper and more difficult trails were called ville låmir (wild trails). Skiing competitions in Telemark often began on a steep mountain, continued along a logging-slides (tømmerslepe) and were completed with a sharp turn (Telemark turn) on a field or frozen lake. This type of competition used the natural and typical terrain in Telemark. Some races were on "bumpy courses" (kneikelåm) and sometimes included "steep jumps" (sprøytehopp) for difficulty.^[14] The first known slalom competitions were presumably held in Telemark around 1870 in conjunction with ski jumping competitions, involving the same athletes and on slopes next to the ski jump.^[10] Husebyrennet from 1886 included svingrenn (turning competition on hills), the term slalåm had not been introduced at that time.^[2][15] Slalom was first used at a skiing competition in Sonnenberg in 1906.^[16] Two to three decades later, the sport spread to the rest of Europe and the US. The first slalom ski competition occurred in Mürren, Switzerland in 1922 with rules invented by Arnold Lunn.

Technique

A skier following the fall line will reach the maximum possible speed for that slope. A skier with skis pointed perpendicular to the fall line, across the hill instead of down it, will accelerate more slowly. The speed of descent down any given hill can be controlled by changing the angle of motion in relation to the fall line, skiing across the hill rather than down it.

Downhill skiing technique focuses on the use of turns to smoothly turn the skis from one direction to another. Additionally, the skier can use the same techniques to turn the ski away from the direction of movement, generating skidding forces between the skis and snow which further slow the descent. Good technique results in a fluid flowing motion from one descent angle to another one, adjusting the angle as needed to match changes in the steepness of the run. This looks more like a single series of S's than turns followed by straight sections.

Equipment

Protective gear

The protective gear used in alpine skiing includes: helmets, mouth guards, shin guards, chin guards, arm guards, back protectors, pole guards, and padding. Mouth guards can reduce the effects of a concussion and protect the teeth of the athlete. Shin guards, pole guards, arm guards and chin guards are mainly used in slalom skiing in order to protect the body parts having impact with the gates. Back protectors and padding, also known as stealth, is worn for giant slalom and other speed events in order to better protect the body if an athlete were to have an accident at high speeds.^[22]

Competition

Elite competitive skiers participate in the FIS World Cup, the World Championships, and the Winter Olympics. Broadly speaking, competitive skiing is divided into two disciplines:

• Racing, comprising slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom, combined, and downhill, parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom.
• Freestyle skiing, incorporating events such as moguls, aerials, slopestyle, big air, halfpipe, and ski cross. Although both moguls and ski cross have a timed element, they are generally treated as Freestyle Skiing or 'Freeski' disciplines.

Other disciplines administered by the FIS but not usually considered part of alpine are speed skiing and grass skiing.

The triple crown of alpine skiing consists of winning all three World Cup titles in one season or all three Gold medals at the Winter Olympic Games in Slalom, Giant slalom, and Downhill skiing events. Only two people have ever accomplished the feat:

• Austrian skier Toni Sailer was the first person to win the Triple Crown of Alpine Skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics
• At the 1968 Winter Olympic Games, French skier Jean-Claude Killy won the Triple Crown.

Ski trail ratings

In most ski resorts, the runs are graded according to comparative difficulty so that skiers can select appropriate routes. The grading schemes around the world are related, although with significant regional variations. A beginner-rated trail at a large mountain may be more of an intermediate-rated trail on a smaller mountain.^{[citation needed]}

In the United States and Canada, there are four rating symbols: Easy (green circle), Intermediate (blue square), and Difficult (black diamond), and Experts Only (double black diamond) Ski trail difficulty is measured by percent slope, not degree angle. A 100% slope is a 45-degree angle. In general, beginner slopes (green circle) are between 6% and 25%. Intermediate slopes (blue square) are between 25% and 40%. Difficult slopes (black diamond) are 40% and up. Although slope gradient is the primary consideration in assigning a trail difficulty rating, other factors come into play. A trail will be rated by its most difficult part, even if the rest of the trail is easy. Ski resorts assign ratings to their own trails, rating a trail compared only with other trails at that resort. Also considered are width of the trail, sharpest turns, terrain roughness, and whether the resort regularly grooms the trail.^{[citation needed]}

Safety and difficulty

In 2014, there were more than 114,000 alpine skiing-related injuries treated in hospitals, doctor's offices, and emergency rooms.^[23] The most common types of ski injuries are those of the knee, head, neck and shoulder area, hands and back. Ski helmets are highly recommended by professionals as well as doctors. Head injuries caused in skiing can lead to death or permanent brain damage.^[24]   Non-helmet-wearers are more likely to sustain injuries to the head and also to other body parts, than helmet-wearers. This suggests that the expected risk compensation may not apply or even be reversed. In spite of this there may be no significant reduction in the risk of traumatic brain injury, especially concussion.^[25]

In alpine skiing, for every 1000 people skiing in a day, on average between two and four will require medical attention. Most accidents are the result of user error leading to an isolated fall.^[24] Learning how to fall correctly and safely can reduce the risk of injury.^[23]

According to a ranking published by ESPN, alpine skiing is a more difficult and demanding sport than freestyle skiing.^[26]

Health

According to a 2004 Harvard Medical School study, alpine skiing burns between 360 and 532 calories per hour.^[27]

Climate change

Winter season lengths are projected to decline at ski areas across North America and Europe due to the effects of global warming. In the United States, winter season lengths are projected to decline by more than 50 percent by 2050 and by 80 percent by 2090 if greenhouse gas emissions continue at current rates.^[28] About half of the 103 ski resorts in the Northeastern United States operating in 2012 may not be able to maintain an economically viable ski season by 2050.^[29] In Europe, half of the glacial ice in the Alps has melted and the European Geosciences Union projects snowpack in the mountains could decline 70 percent by 2100 (however, if humans manage to keep global warming below 2 °C, the snow-cover reduction would be limited to 30 percent by 2100).^[30]

See also

• Para-alpine skiing
• Skiboarding

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alpine skiing.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alpine skiing.

• Alpine Canada Alpin – Alpine Canada Alpin, National Governing Body for Ski Racing within Canada
• U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association – The National Governing Body for Ski Racing
• U.S. Ski Team – Bio information and stories on U.S. elite athletes
• Retro Ski – ski history
• Alpine Ski Database
• Colorado Ski Museum