Dorothea Lange

Depression era

In the depths of the worldwide depression, in 1933, some fourteen million people in the U.S. were out of work, about 300,00 of which migrated to California looking for work. Many were homeless, drifting aimlessly, often without enough food to eat. In the midwest and southwest, drought and dust storms added to the economic havoc. Broadly, these migrant families were called by the opprobrium "Okies" (derived from Oklahoma) regardless of where they came from. They traveled in old, dilapidated cars or trucks, following crops.

Lange began to photograph these people, leaving her studio to document their lives in the streets and roads of California. She roamed the byways with her camera, portraying the extent of the social and economic upheaval of the Depression. It is here that Lange found her purpose and direction as one of the first of a new kind of photographer, a "documentary photographer."^[18]

Lange's photographic studies of the unemployed and homeless—starting with White Angel Breadline (1933), which depicted a lone man facing away from the crowd in front of a soup kitchen run by a widow known as the White Angel^[19]—captured the attention of local photographers and media, and eventually led to her employment with the federal Resettlement Administration (RA), later called the Farm Security Administration (FSA).

Lange developed personal techniques of talking with her subjects while working, putting them at ease and enabling her to document pertinent remarks to accompany the photography. The titles and annotations often revealed personal information about her subjects.^[18]

Resettlement Administration

Lange and Dixon divorced on October 28, 1935, and on December 6 she married economist Paul Schuster Taylor, professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley.^[16] For the next five years they traveled through the California coast and the midwest.^[10] Throughout their travels they documented rural poverty, in particular the exploitation of sharecroppers and migrant laborers. Taylor interviewed subjects and gathered economic data while Lange produced photographs and accompanying data. They lived and worked from Berkeley for the rest of her life.

Working for the Resettlement Administration and Farm Security Administration, Lange's images brought to public attention the plight of the poor and forgotten—particularly sharecroppers, displaced farm families, and migrant workers. Lange's work was distributed to newspapers across the country, and the poignant images became icons of the era.

One of Lange's most recognized works is Migrant Mother, published in 1936.^[20] Lange drove past a encampment of pea-pickers in Nipomo, California on her way home from weeks of traveling and photographing. Something made her turn around and drive back. This is where she took the photograph.^[21] The woman in the picture is Florence Owens Thompson. In 1960, Lange spoke about her experience taking the photograph:

I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it.^[22]

Lange reported the conditions at the camp to the editor of a San Francisco newspaper, showing him her photographs.^[14] The editor informed federal authorities and published an article that included some of the images. In response, the government rushed aid to the camp to prevent starvation.^[23]

According to Thompson's son, while Lange got some details of the story wrong, the impact of the photograph came from an image that projected both the strengths and needs of migrant workers.^[24] Twenty-two of Lange's photographs produced for the FSA were included in John Steinbeck's The Harvest Gypsies when it was first published in 1936 in The San Francisco News.^[14] Lange's photos served as inspiration for the 1940 film adaptation of The Grapes of Wrath.^[25] According to an essay by photographer Martha Rosler, Migrant Mother became the most reproduced photograph in the world.^[26]

Japanese American internment

In 1941, Lange became the first woman to be awarded a prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship for Photography.^[27] After the attack on Pearl Harbor, she gave up the fellowship in order to go on assignment for the War Relocation Authority (WRA) to document the forced evacuation of Japanese Americans from the west coast of the US.^[28]

She covered the internment of Japanese Americans^[29] and their subsequent incarceration, traveling throughout urban and rural California to photograph families required to leave their houses and hometowns on orders of the government. Lange visited several temporary assembly centers as they opened, eventually fixing on Manzanar, the first of the permanent internment camps (located in eastern California, some 300 miles from the coast). The bulk of these works are at the National Archives and the Oakland Museum of California.^[30]

Much of Lange's work focused on the waiting and anxiety caused by the forced collection and removal of people: piles of luggage waiting to be sorted; families waiting for transport, wearing identification tags; young-to-elderly individuals, stunned, not comprehending why they must leave their homes, or what their future held.^[31] (See Exclusion, removal, detention.) To many observers, Lange's photography—including one photo of American school children pledging allegiance to the flag shortly before being removed from their homes and schools and sent to internment^[32]—is a haunting reminder of the travesty of incarcerating people who are not charged with committing a crime.^[33]

Sensitive to the implications of her images, authorities impounded most of Lange's photography of the internment process—these photos were not seen publicly during the war.^[34][35] Today her photography of the evacuations and internments is available in the National Archives on the website of the Still Photographs Division, at the Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley, and at the Oakland Museum of California.

Teaching and publications

In 1945, Ansel Adams invited Lange to teach at the first fine art photography department at the California School of Fine Arts (CSFA), which became San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI).^[14] Imogen Cunningham and Minor White also joined the faculty.^[36]

In 1952, Lange co-founded the photography magazine Aperture. In the mid-1950s, Life magazine commissioned Lange and Pirkle Jones to shoot a documentary about the death of the town of Monticello, California, and the subsequent displacement of its residents by the damming of Putah Creek to form Lake Berryessa. After Life decided not to run the piece, Lange devoted an entire issue of Aperture to the work.^[37] The collection was shown at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1960.^[38]

Another series for Life, begun in 1954 and featuring the attorney Martin Pulich, grew out of Lange's interest in how poor people were defended in the court system, which by one account, grew out of personal experience associated with her brother's arrest and trial.^[39]