First aid kit

Core items

Basic items on a first aid kit consists of:

• Adhesive dressings and bandages
• Antiseptic solution
• Cotton balls or swabs
• Emergency blanket
• Gauze sponge
• Gloves
• Hand sanitizer
• Ice pack
• Alcohol
• Saline solution
• Tweezers^[11]
• Eye drops^[12]

Trauma injuries

Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are usually the main focus of most first aid kits, with items such as bandages and dressings being found in the vast majority of all kits.

• Adhesive bandages (band-aids, sticking plasters) - can include ones shaped for particular body parts, such as knuckles
  • Moleskin – for blister treatment and prevention
• Dressings (sterile, applied directly to the wound)
  • Sterile eye pads
  • Sterile gauze pads
  • Sterile non-adherent pads, containing a non-stick teflon layer
  • Petrolatum gauze pads, used as an occlusive (air-tight) dressing for sucking chest wounds, as well as a non-stick dressing
• Bandages (for securing dressings, not necessarily sterile)
  • Gauze roller bandages – absorbent, breathable, and often elastic
  • Elastic bandages – used for sprains, and pressure bandages
  • Adhesive, elastic roller bandages (commonly called 'Vet wrap') – very effective pressure bandages and durable, waterproof bandaging
  • Triangular bandages – used as slings, tourniquets, to tie splints, and many other uses
• Butterfly closure strips – used like stitches to close wounds, usually only included for higher level response as can seal in infection in uncleaned wounds.
• Saline – used for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from eyes
• Soap – used with water to clean superficial wounds once bleeding is stopped
• Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of infection in abrasions or around wounds. Dirty wounds must be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective.
• Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a cooling gel
• Adhesive tape, hypoallergenic
• Hemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits, especially military, combat or tactical kits, to promote clotting for severe bleeding.

Personal protective equipment

The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by the kit, depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes:

• Gloves which are single-use and disposable to prevent cross infection
• Goggles or other eye protection
• Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce the possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve)
• Apron

Instruments and equipment

• Trauma shears for cutting clothing and general use
• Scissors are less useful but often included (usually to cut medical equipment off or smaller)
• Tweezers, for removing splinters, amongst others.
• Lighter for sanitizing tweezers or pliers etc.
• Alcohol pads for sanitizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria can then feed on
• Irrigation syringe – with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline solution, or a weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris.
• Torch (also known as a flashlight)
• Instant-acting chemical cold packs
• Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes
• Thermometer
• Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
• Penlight
• Cotton swab
• Cotton wool, for applying antiseptic lotions.
• Safety pins, for pinning bandages.

Medication

• Aspirin^[13] primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-platelet
• Epinephrine autoinjector (brand name Epipen) – often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to temporarily reduce airway swelling in the event of anaphylactic shock. Epinephrine does not treat the anaphylactic shock itself; it only opens the airway to prevent suffocation and allow time for other treatments to be used or help to arrive. The effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) are short-lived, and swelling of the throat may return, requiring the use of additional epipens until other drugs can take effect, or more advanced airway methods (such as intubation) can be established.
• Diphenhydramine (brand name Benadryl) – Used to treat or prevent anaphylactic shock. Best administered as soon as symptoms appear when impending anaphylactic shock is suspected. Once the airway is restricted, oral drugs can no longer be administered until the airway is clear again, such as after the administration of an epipen. A common recommendation for adults is to take two 25mg pills. Non-solid forms of the drug, such as liquid or dissolving strips, may be absorbed more rapidly than tablets or capsules, and therefore more effective in an emergency.
• Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain-killing medications, as either tablet or syrup.
• Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as ibuprofen, naproxen or other NSAIDs can be used as part of treating pain from injuries such as sprains, strains and bone fractures.
• Codeine is both a painkiller and anti-diarrheal.
• Anti diarrhea medication such as loperamide – especially important in remote or third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea is a leading killer of children
• Oral rehydration salts
• Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
• Poison treatments
  • Absorption, such as activated charcoal and Enterosgel.
  • Emetics to induce vomiting, such as syrup of ipecac although first aid manuals now advise against inducing vomiting.
• Smelling salts (ammonium carbonate)

Topical medications

• Antiseptics / disinfectants
  • Antiseptic fluid, moist wipe or spray – For cleaning and disinfecting a wound. Typically benzalkonium chloride, which disinfects wounds with minimal stinging or harm to exposed tissue. Can also be used as an antibacterial hand wipe for the person providing aid.
    • Povidone iodine is an antiseptic in the form of liquid, swabstick, or towelette. Can be used in a weak dilution of clean water to prepare an irrigation solution for cleaning a wound.
    • Hydrogen peroxide is often included in home first aid kits, but is a poor choice for disinfecting wounds- it kills cells and delays healing
  • Alcohol pads – sometimes included for disinfecting instruments or unbroken skin (for example prior to draining a blister), or cleaning skin prior to applying an adhesive bandage. Alcohol should not be used on an open wound, as it kills skin cells and delays healing.
  • Medicated antiseptic ointments- for preventing infection in a minor wound, after it is cleaned. Not typically used on wounds that are bleeding heavily. Ointments typically contain one, two, or all three of the following antibacterial ingredients (those containing all three are typically called 'triple-antibiotic ointment') neomycin, polymyxin B sulfate or bacitracin zinc.
• Burn gel – a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild anaesthetic such as lidocaine and, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil
• Anti-itch ointment
  • Hydrocortisone cream or injection
  • antihistamine cream containing diphenhydramine
  • Calamine lotion, for skin inflammations.
• Anti-fungal cream
• Tincture of benzoin – often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick or ampule, protects the skin and aids the adhesion of adhesive bandages, such as moleskin, Band-Aids, or wound closure ('butterfly') strips. Benzoin swabsticks are very prone to leaking and making a mess when kept in portable first aid kits; ampules are a more durable option. If swabsticks are used, it is advisable to keep them in a sealed zip lock bag.

Airway, breathing and circulation

The ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation) form a foundational framework in first aid training.^[14][15] Some standardized workplace first aid kits, such as those meeting the ANSI/ISEA Z308.1-2021 standard in the United States, include a CPR breathing barrier to reduce infection risk during rescue breaths.^[16][17]

• Pocket mask
• Face shield

Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:

• Oropharyngeal airway
• Nasopharyngeal airway
• Bag valve mask
• Manual aspirator or suction unit
• Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
• Stethoscope

Some first aid kits, specifically those used by event first aiders and emergency services, include bottled oxygen for resuscitation and therapy.

Besides the regular uses for first aid kits, they can be helpful in wilderness or survival situations. First aid kits can make up a part of a survival kit or a mini survival kit in addition to other tools.^[18]

Workplace kits

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use by injured employees.^[19] While providing regulations for some industries such as logging,^[20] in general the regulation lacks specifics on the contents of the first aid kit. This is understandable, as the regulation covers every means of employment, and different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements. However, in a non-mandatory section,^[21] the OSHA regulations do refer to ANSI/ISEA Specification Z308.1^[22] as the basis for the suggested minimum contents of a first aid kit. Another source for modern first aid kit information is United States Forest Service Specification 6170-6,^[23] which specifies the contents of several different-sized kits, intended to serve groups of differing size.

In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many factors, such as:

• the laws and regulation of the state or territory in which it is located;
• the type of industry concerned; for example, industries such as mining may have specific industry regulations detailing specialised instructions;
• the type of hazards present in the workplace;
• the number of employees in the workplace;
• the number of different locations that the workplace is spread over;
• the proximity to local services (doctors, hospital, ambulance).

Vehicle kits

Wilderness and expedition kits

Trauma, combat and tactical kits

After the 2012 Sandy Hook School Shooting a collaborative effort between the American College of Surgeons (ACS), the Hartford Consensus, and federal agencies like the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security worked together to create the Stop the Bleed campaign which is focused on teaching everyday Americans how to stop major bleeding and trauma and has helped to popularize the availability and access of IFAKs (Individual First Aid Kit)^[24] or Trauma Kits.^[25][26]

Trauma kits tend to have fewer items focused on basic items for scrapes and abrasions and instead focus on Tourniquets, Chest Seals, Hemostatic and non-treated gauze for wound packing, and pressure bandages among other things.^[27][28]

Veterinarian kits