| Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Richard Attenborough |
| Written by | John Briley |
| Produced by | Richard Attenborough |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | |
| Edited by | John Bloom |
| Music by | |
Production companies |
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| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures (through Columbia-EMI-Warner Distributors in the United Kingdom[1]) |
Release dates |
|
Running time | 191 minutes[1] |
| Countries |
|
| Languages |
|
| Budget | $22 million[2] |
| Box office | $127.8 million[2] |
Gandhi is a 1982 biographical film directed and produced by Richard Attenborough and written by John Briley. It is based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi (portrayed by Ben Kingsley), a major leader in the Indian independence movement against the British Empire during the 20th century. It covers Gandhi's life from a defining moment in 1893, as he is thrown off a train in the Colony of Natal for being in a whites-only compartment and concludes with his assassination and funeral in 1948. Although a practising Hindu, Gandhi's embracing of other faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, is also depicted. Over 300,000 extras appeared in the film, believed to be the most in any film made.[3][4]
Gandhi was released by Columbia Pictures in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December[5], and in the United States on 8 December. It was praised for its portrayal of the life of Gandhi, the Indian independence movement, and the deleterious results of British colonisation on India.
It was considered to have maintained a reasonable level of historical accuracy, although many separate events were amalgamated, such as historical meetings with individual people being combined into single fictionalized scenes for narrative pacing.[6] Several events were exaggerated or invented, such as being beaten by police while burning registration certificates.[6] The chronology of Gandhi's early activism was altered, and certain historical figures (such as Christian missionary and independence activist C.F. Andrews and founder of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah) were considered to have been portrayed inaccurately.[6] The film was praised for conveying Gandhi's core principles of nonviolence and human dignity effectively, providing an accessible introduction to his life and message.[7]
Its production values, costume design, and Kingsley's performance received worldwide critical acclaim. It became a commercial success, grossing $127.8 million on a $22 million budget. It received a leading eleven nominations at the 55th Academy Awards, winning eight, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor (for Kingsley). The British Film Institute ranked it as the 34th greatest British film of the 20th century. The American Film Institute ranked the film 29th on its list of most inspiring movies.
Plot
While heading to afternoon prayers in New Delhi on January 30, 1948, Gandhi is fatally shot.
On 7 June 1893, in the Colony of Natal, young lawyer Mohandas Gandhi is forcibly expelled from a whites-only train carriage in Pietermaritzburg despite possessing a valid ticket, subsequently campaigning for racial equality among whites and Indians in both the Colony of Natal and the Cape Colony. Dada Abdullah, president of the Natal Indian Congress,[8] notices his campaign and invites him to a demonstration where he burns his pass. After the Second Boer War, the British colonial government attempts to have Indians fingerprinted like criminals. Gandhi responds with peaceful demonstrations, but is arrested. The government releases Gandhi and relents by granting some rights to Indians, fulfilling his short-term goal. Anglican clergyman Charles Freer Andrews joins his mission, and American journalist Vince Walker takes special interest in him. Gandhi works at his ashram alongside associates such as Andrews, Hermann Kallenbuch, and later Mirabehn.
Gandhi returns to India in 1915 where he is invited to the Indian National Congress (INC), led by Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is advocating India's self-rule, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who becomes his mentor. Jinnah supports Gandhi's involvement but opposes his unconventional approach. At a meeting of the Congress, Gandhi's speech captivates the ensemble, especially Patel.
Gandhi pledges allegiance to the British Empire in World War I, but simultaneously demands self-rule. His satyagrahas at Champaran and Kheda are brutally curtailed by the British. Despite India's wartime involvement, the administration passes the Rowlatt Act in 1919, which the movement sees as betrayal. While a crowd listens to speeches about freedom, Colonel Reginald Dyer orders his Nepalese soldiers (Gurkhas) and Indian soldiers (sepoys) to fire upon them in what becomes the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Jinnah suggests non-cooperation to protesting British rule, and Gandhi surprisingly agrees. Its immediate success causes protesters to kill and burn police officers in what becomes the Chauri Chaura incident. Disgusted, Gandhi calls off the non-cooperation movement, enraging Jinnah, quelling the masses by fasting.
In 1930, Gandhi is arrested and sent to prison because of his Salt March to defy the British monopoly on India's salt. After being released, Gandhi is invited to London by Ramsay MacDonald to attend the Round Table conferences regarding future Dominion status for India. However, they prove fruitless, and Gandhi and the other Congress leaders are imprisoned during World War II. While under house arrest, Gandhi's wife Kasturba dies.
Dissatisfied by the Congress and Gandhi, Jinnah resigns and returns to the Muslim League, where he begins the Pakistan Movement's demands for the Muslim minority's secession to form Pakistan, against Gandhi's wishes. In 1945, Viceroy Louis Mountbatten declares India's upcoming independence. Gandhi offers Jinnah the Prime Ministry and choice of cabinet. Nehru agrees to it to maintain independence, but Jinnah declines, stating that only Pakistani independence with him as leader will ensure Muslim safety.
India and Pakistan finally gain their independence in August 1947, and millions of people migrate into the two newly formed countries, but sectarian violence between Hindus and Muslims erupts. The Indian military attempts to control uprisings in Delhi and Bombay while Calcutta devolves into chaos. Devastated, Gandhi once again calms the violence by fasting. Gandhi advises a concerned Hindu man, upset about murdering a Muslim infant to avenge his son's death in the violence, to find a similarly orphaned Muslim boy and raise him as a faithful Muslim.
The film returns to Gandhi's assassination. His casket is carted throughout Delhi with the mourning party of Nehru (now Prime Minister), numerous citizens, government officials, and international dignitaries. His ashes are poured into the Ganges, and he is mourned by the leaders of the Congress and the wider Indian independence movement.
Cast
- Ben Kingsley as Mahatma Gandhi
- Rohini Hattangadi as Kasturba Gandhi
- Roshan Seth as Jawaharlal Nehru
- Saeed Jaffrey as Vallabhbhai Patel
- Virendra Razdan as Maulana Azad
- Candice Bergen as Margaret Bourke-White
- Jane Myerson as Lady Mountbatten
- Edward Fox as Brigadier General Reginald Dyer
- Habib Tanvir as Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad, an Indian barrister
- John Gielgud as Viceroy Lord Irwin
- Trevor Howard as Justice Robert Stonehouse Broomfield
- John Mills as Viceroy Lord Chelmsford
- Shane Rimmer as Edward R. Murrow
- Martin Sheen as Vince Walker, a fictional journalist based partially on Webb Miller
- Ian Charleson as Charles Freer Andrews, an Anglican priest
- Athol Fugard as General Jan Smuts
- David Gant as Daniels
- Gareth Forwood as secretary
- Geraldine James as Mirabehn (Madeleine Slade)
- Alyque Padamsee as Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Amrish Puri as Dada Abdulla Hajee Adab, President of the Natal Indian Congress
- Ian Bannen as senior officer Fields
- Richard Griffiths as Collins, Walker's colleague
- Nigel Hawthorne as Mr Kinnoch
- Richard Vernon as Sir Edward Gait, Lieutenant-Governor of Bihar and Orissa
- Michael Hordern as Sir George Hodge
- Shreeram Lagoo as Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- Terrence Hardiman as Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- Om Puri as Nahari, a rioter
- Dalip Tahil as Zia, a Satyagrahi
- Daniel Day-Lewis as Colin
- Ray Burdis as youth
- Daniel Peacock as youth
- Avis Bunnage as Colin's mother
- Dominic Guard as subaltern
- Bernard Hill as Sergeant Putnam
- John Ratzenberger as American driver for Bourke-White
- Pankaj Mohan as Gandhi's first secretary, Mahadev Desai
- Pankaj Kapur as Gandhi's second secretary, Pyarelal Nayyar
- Anang Desai as J. B. Kripalani
- Dilsher Singh as Abdul Ghaffar Khan
- Günther Maria Halmer as Hermann Kallenbach
- Peter Harlowe as Lord Mountbatten
- Harsh Nayyar as Nathuram Godse, Gandhi's assassin
- Vijay Kashyap as Narayan Apte, partner of Godse
- Supriya Pathak as Manu, cousin grandniece of Gandhi
- Neena Gupta as Abha, cousin grandniece-in-law of Gandhi
- Tom Alter as a doctor at Aga Khan Palace
- Alok Nath as Tyeb Mohammad, a member of the Natal Indian Congress
- Mohan Agashe as Tyeb Mohammad's associate
- Shekhar Chatterjee as Huseyn Suhrawardy
- John Savident as manager of the mine
- Vijay Crishna as chauffeur
Production
This film had been Richard Attenborough's dream project, although two previous attempts at filming had failed. In 1952, Gabriel Pascal secured an agreement with the Prime Minister of India (Jawaharlal Nehru) to produce a film of Gandhi's life. However, Pascal died in 1954 before preparations were completed.[9]
In 1962, Attenborough was contacted by Motilal Kothari, an Indian-born civil servant working with the Indian High Commission in London and a devout follower of Gandhi. Kothari insisted that Attenborough meet him to discuss a film about Gandhi.[10][11] Attenborough agreed, after reading Louis Fischer's biography of Gandhi and spent the next 18 years attempting to get the film made. He was able to meet prime minister Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi through a connection with Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India. Nehru approved of the film and promised to help support its production, but his death in 1964 was one of the film's many setbacks. Attenborough would dedicate the film to the memory of Kothari, Mountbatten, and Nehru.
David Lean and Sam Spiegel had planned to make a film about Gandhi after completing The Bridge on the River Kwai, reportedly with Alec Guinness as Gandhi. Ultimately, the project was abandoned in favour of Lawrence of Arabia (1962).[12] Attenborough reluctantly approached Lean with his own Gandhi project in the late 1960s, and Lean agreed to direct the film and offered Attenborough the lead role. Instead Lean began filming Ryan's Daughter, during which time Motilai Kothari had died and the project fell apart.[13]
Attenborough again attempted to resurrect the project in 1976 with backing from Warner Bros. Then prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India and filming would be impossible. Co-producer Rani Dube persuaded prime minister Indira Gandhi to provide the first $10 million from the National Film Development Corporation of India, chaired by D. V. S. Raju at that time, on the back of which the remainder of the funding was finally raised.[14][15] Finally, in 1980 Attenborough was able to secure the remainder of the funding needed to make the film. Screenwriter John Briley had introduced him to Jake Eberts, the chief executive at the new Goldcrest production company that raised approximately two-thirds of the film's budget.[citation needed][16]
Filming began on 26 November 1980 and ended on 10 May 1981. Some scenes were shot near Koilwar Bridge, in Bihar.[17] Over 300,000 extras were used in the funeral scene, the most for any film, according to Guinness World Records.[3][4]
The film was shot on 35mm anamorphic equipment using Panavision cameras and lenses. For theatrical release, it was projected using either 35mm anamorphic prints with a 2.39:1 aspect ratio and Dolby stereo sound, or 70mm anamorphic prints with a 2.2:1 aspect ration and six discrete sound tracks.[18]
Casting
During pre-production, there was much speculation as to who would play the role of Gandhi.[19][20] The choice was Ben Kingsley, who is partly of Indian heritage (his father was Gujarati and his birth name is Krishna Bhanji).[21]
Release
Gandhi premiered in New Delhi, India, on 30 November 1982. Two days later, on 2 December, it had a Royal Premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London[22] in the presence of Prince Charles and Princess Diana before opening to the public the following day.[23][24] The film had a limited release in the US starting on Wednesday, 8 December 1982, followed by a wider release in January 1983.[2] In February 1983, it opened on two screens in India, nationwide in the UK, and in other countries.[25]
Reception
Critical response
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 111 reviews and judged 89% of them to be positive, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Director Richard Attenborough is typically sympathetic and sure-handed, but it's Ben Kingsley's magnetic performance that acts as the linchpin for this sprawling, lengthy biopic."[26] Metacritic gave the film a score of 79 out of 100 based on 16 critical reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[27] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[28] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years.[29]
Reviews were broadly positive worldwide.[30] The film was discussed or reviewed in Newsweek,[19] Time,[31] the Washington Post,[32][33] The Public Historian,[34] Cross Currents,[35] The Journal of Asian Studies,[36] Film Quarterly,[37] The Progressive,[38] The Christian Century[38] and elsewhere.[39] Ben Kingsley's performance was especially praised. Among the few who took a more negative view of the film, historian Lawrence James called it "pure hagiography"[40] while anthropologist Akhil Gupta said it "suffers from tepid direction and a superficial and misleading interpretation of history."[41] Also Indian novelist Makarand R. Paranjape has written that "Gandhi, though hagiographical, follow a mimetic style of film-making in which cinema, the visual image itself, is supposed to portray or reflect 'reality'".[42] The film was also criticised by some right-wing commentators who objected to the film's advocacy of nonviolence, including Pat Buchanan, Emmett Tyrrell and Richard Grenier.[38][43] In Time, Richard Schickel wrote that in portraying Gandhi's "spiritual presence... Kingsley is nothing short of astonishing."[31]: 97 A "singular virtue" of the film is that "its title figure is also a character in the usual dramatic sense of the term." Schickel viewed Attenborough's directorial style as having "a conventional handsomeness that is more predictable than enlivening", but this "stylistic self-denial serves to keep one's attention fastened where it belongs: on a persuasive, if perhaps debatable vision of Gandhi's spirit, and on the remarkable actor who has caught its light in all its seasons."[31]: 97 Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and called it a "remarkable experience",[44] and placed it fifth on his 10 best films of 1983.[45]
In Newsweek, Jack Kroll stated that "There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen. Sir Richard Attenborough's Gandhi is one of them."[19] The movie "deals with a subject of great importance... with a mixture of high intelligence and immediate emotional impact... [and] Ben Kingsley... gives what is possibly the most astonishing biographical performance in screen history." Kroll stated that the screenplay's "least persuasive characters are Gandhi's Western allies and acolytes" such as an English cleric and an American journalist, but that "Attenborough's 'old-fashioned' style is exactly right for the no-tricks, no-phony-psychologizing quality he wants."[19] Furthermore, Attenborough
mounts a powerful challenge to his audience by presenting Gandhi as the most profound and effective of revolutionaries, creating out of a fierce personal discipline a chain reaction that led to tremendous historical consequences. At a time of deep political unrest, economic dislocation and nuclear anxiety, seeing "Gandhi" is an experience that will change many minds and hearts.[19]
According to the Museum of Broadcast Communications there was "a cycle of film and television productions which emerged during the first half of the 1980s, which seemed to indicate Britain's growing preoccupation with India, Empire and a particular aspect of British cultural history".[46] In addition to Gandhi, this cycle also included Heat and Dust (1983), Octopussy (1983), The Jewel in the Crown (1984), The Far Pavilions (1984) and A Passage to India (1984).[citation needed]
Patrick French negatively reviewed the film, writing in The Telegraph:
An important origin of one myth about Gandhi was Richard Attenborough's 1982 film. Take the episode when the newly arrived Gandhi is ejected from a first-class railway carriage at Pietermaritzburg after a white passenger objects to sharing space with a "coolie" (an Indian indentured labourer). In fact, Gandhi's demand to be allowed to travel first-class was accepted by the railway company. Rather than marking the start of a campaign against racial oppression, as legend has it, this episode was the start of a campaign to extend racial segregation in South Africa. Gandhi was adamant that "respectable Indians" should not be obliged to use the same facilities as "raw Kaffirs". He petitioned the authorities in the port city of Durban, where he practised law, to end the indignity of making Indians use the same entrance to the post office as blacks, and counted it a victory when three doors were introduced: one for Europeans, one for Asiatics and one for Natives.[47]
Richard Grenier in his 1983 article, The Gandhi Nobody Knows, which was also the title of the book of the same name and topic, also criticized the film, arguing it misportrayed him as a "saint". He also alleged the Indian government admitted to financing about a third of the film's budget. He also criticized the film's portrayal of Muhammed Ali Jinnah, although he does not elaborate much on this criticism.[48] Grenier's book later became an inspiration for G. B. Singh's book Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity. Parts of the book also discuss the film negatively.
One notable person, Mark Boyle (better known as "The Moneyless Man") has stated that watching the film was the moment that changed his life and said that after that, he took Mahatma Gandhi's message of peace and non-violence to heart and that the film inspired him to become an activist.[49][50]
The film was included by the Vatican in a list of important films compiled in 1995, under the category of "Values".[51]
Box office
The film grossed $81,917 in its first 6 days at the Odeon Leicester Square in London.[52] In the United States and Canada, it grossed $183,583 in its first 5 days from 4 theatres (Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City; Uptown Theater in Washington D.C.; Century Plaza in Los Angeles; and the York in Toronto).[53] Due to the running time, it could be shown only three times a day.[54] It went on to gross US$52,767,889 in the United States and Canada,[2] the 12th highest-grossing film of 1982.[55]
Outside of the United States and Canada, the film grossed US$75 million in the rest of the world, the third highest for the year.[2]
In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £7.7 million (£22.3 million adjusted for inflation).[56][57] It is one of the top ten highest-grossing British independent films of all time adjusted for inflation.[56]
In India, it was one of the highest-grossing films of all-time (and the highest for a foreign film[25]) during the time of its release by earning over ₹100 crore or 1 billion rupees. At today's exchange rate, that amounts to US$14.9 million, still making it one of the highest-grossing imported films in the country. It was shown tax free in Bombay (known as Mumbai since 1995) and Delhi.[30]
The film grossed a total of $127.8 million worldwide.[2] Goldcrest Films invested £5,076,000 in the film and received £11,461,000 in return, earning them a profit of £6,385,000.[58]
The film was successful on home video, with over 50,000 copies sold in the United States in 1983 at a US$79.95 (equivalent to $300 in 2025) retail price.[59]
Accolades
- AFI's 100 years... 100 Cheers – number 29[71]
- AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains
- Mahatma Gandhi – number 21 Hero[72]
See also
References
- 1 2 "Gandhi". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Gandhi (1982) - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- 1 2 "Most film extras". Guinness World Records. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
- 1 2 Müller, Jürgen (2002). Movies of the 80s. Taschen. p. 165. ISBN 978-3-8228-1737-7.
- ↑ Ellis, David A. (17 March 2022). "Billy Williams OBE BSC and Ronnie Taylor BSC / Ghandi". British Cinematographer. Retrieved 18 March 2026.
- 1 2 3 Hay, Stephen (1983). "Attenborough's Gandhi". The Public Historian. 5 (3). University of California Press: 84–94. doi:10.2307/3377031. JSTOR 3377031.
- ↑ Wilson, John Howard (2010). "The Empire Strikes Back: The Critical Reception of Gandhi and Mishima". Reception: Texts, Readers, Audiences, History. 2 (2). Penn State University Press: 94–115. doi:10.5325/reception.2.2.0094.
- ↑ Bose, Sugata (30 June 2009). A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Harvard University Press. p. 155.
- ↑ See Pascal, Valerie (1970). The disciple and his devil: Gabriel Pascal, Bernard Shaw. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-595-33772-9. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2016. Page 219 states that "Nehru had given his consent, which he confirmed later in a letter to Gabriel: 'I feel... that you are the man who can produce something worthwhile. I was greatly interested in what you told me about this subject [the Gandhi film] and your whole approach to it."
- ↑ "Gandhi's Inspiring Short Stories". www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ↑ Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 2. The H. W. Wilson Company, 1988, p. 79.
- ↑ Entirely Up To You, Darling by Diana Hawkins & Richard Attenborough; paperback; Arrow Books; published 2009. ISBN 978-0-099-50304-0
- ↑ Wakeman (1988), p. 81.
- ↑ Wakeman (1988), p. 82.
- ↑ "Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Vagg, Stephen (11 January 2026). "Forgotten British Film Moguls: Jake Eberts". Filmink. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
- ↑ "The ancient heritage behind our railway bridges". Rediff. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- ↑ "shotonwhat? Ghandi (1982)". 15 June 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Jack Kroll (1982). "A magnificent life of Gandhi". Newsweek (13 December 1982): 60.
- ↑ Kroll (1982, p. 60) mentions advocacy of Alec Guinness, John Hurt, and Dustin Hoffman, and quotes Attenborough as stating that "At one point Paramount actually said they'd give me the money if Richard Burton could play Gandhi."
- ↑ See Kroll, Jack (1982). "To be or not to be... Gandhi". Newsweek. No. 13 December 1982. p. 63. – "Born Krishna Bhanji, Kingsley changed his name when he became an actor: the Kingsley comes from his paternal grandfather, who became a successful spice trader in East Africa and was known as King Clove."
- ↑ Nigel Wolland. "70mm at the Odeon, Leicester Square". In 70mm.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ↑ "Entertainments Guide". The Guardian. 2 December 1982. p. 24.
- ↑ "Attending premiere of "Gandhi" December 2nd 1982". Princess Diana Remembered. 2 December 1982. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- 1 2 "'Tootsie,' 'Gandhi' Hit $120-Mil Abroad, Despite Hard Dollar Drag". Variety. 15 June 1983. p. 5.
- ↑ "Gandhi (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ↑ "Gandhi Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
- ↑ Pamela McClintock (19 August 2011). "Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ↑ "UPDATE: How "Toxic" Is IFTA's Best Indies?". Deadline. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
- 1 2 Makarand R Paranjape (30 January 2015). The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi. Random House India. ISBN 9788184006834. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- 1 2 3 Richard Schickel (6 December 1982). "Cinema: Triumph of a martyr [review of Gandhi, film by Richard Attenborough]". Time. Vol. 120. p. 97. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ↑ Christian Williams (6 December 1982). "Passage to 'Gandhi'; Attenborough's struggle to bring the Mahatma's life to the screen". Washington Post. pp. Show, F1.
- ↑ Coleman McCarthy (2 January 1983). "'Gandhi': Introduction to a moral teacher". Washington Post. pp. Style, K2.
- ↑ Stephen Hay (1983). "Review: Attenborough's "Gandhi"". The Public Historian. 5 (3). University of California Press on behalf of the National Council on Public History: 85–94. doi:10.2307/3377031. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 3377031.
- ↑ Eknath Easwaran (1982). "Gandhi – Reflections After the Film". Cross Currents. 32 (4). Convergence: 385–388. ISSN 0011-1953.
- ↑ Mark Juergensmeyer (1984). "Review: The Gandhi revival—a review article". The Journal of Asian Studies. 43 (2). Association for Asian Studies: 293–298. doi:10.2307/2055315. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2055315. S2CID 156062913.
- ↑ Darius Cooper (1983). "Untitled [review of Gandhi by Richard Attenborough]". Film Quarterly. 37 (2). University of California Press: 46–50. doi:10.2307/3697391. ISSN 0015-1386. JSTOR 3697391.
- 1 2 3 DeParle, Jason (September 1983). "Why Gandhi Drives The Neoconservatives Crazy". The Washington Monthly: 46–50.
- ↑ Roger Ebert (1 January 1982). "Gandhi [review of film by Richard Attenborough]". Chicago Sun-Times. pp. online film review. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ↑ James, Lawrence (1997). Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India. Little, Brown, and Company. p. 465. ISBN 0-312-19322-X.
- ↑ Akhil Gupta (1983). "Review: Attenborough's truth: The politics of Gandhi" (PDF). The Threepenny Review (15). Threepenny Review: 22–23. ISSN 0275-1410. JSTOR 4383242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
- ↑ Paranjape, Makarand R. (2014). The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi. New York: Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-415-69573-2.
- ↑ Grenier, Richard (1983). The Gandhi Nobody Knows. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. ISBN 0-8407-5871-5.
- ↑ Ebert, Roger (1 January 1982). "Gandhi (1982)". The Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ↑ Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967 to Present. Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times via the Internet Archive. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ↑ JEWEL IN THE CROWN Deprecated link archived 4 August 2012 at archive.today, Museum of Broadcast Communication
- ↑ "Gandhi, film review: 'amazing epic'". Martin Chilton. The Telegraph. 11 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ↑ "The Gandhi Nobody Knows". Richard Grenier. Commentary magazine. March 1983. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009.
- ↑ "Mark Boyle - The Moneyless Man | www.tpuc.org". www.tpuc.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010.
- ↑ "I live without cash – and I manage just fine | Mark Boyle". TheGuardian.com. 28 October 2009.
- ↑ "Vatican Best Films List". Official website of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ↑ "West End Biz Still Soft". Variety. 15 December 1982. p. 45.
- ↑ "Major Openings Bolster B.O.". Daily Variety. 14 December 1982. p. 1.
- ↑ Ginsberg, Steven (21 December 1982). "'Tootsie,' 'Toy' And 'Dark Crystal' Win Big At National Box-Office". Daily Variety. p. 1.
- ↑ "1982 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - 1 2 "BFI Research and Statistics" (PDF). British Film Institute. April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
£22.3 million inflation-adjusted; GDP deflator 34.558
- ↑ "Pacific Exchange Rate Service (0.57245 GBP per USD)" (PDF). UBC Sauder School of Business. University of British Columbia. 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ↑ Eberts, Jake; Illott, Terry (1990). My indecision is final. Faber and Faber. p. 656.
- ↑ Graham, Jefferson (28 November 1983). "'Gandhi' vid tops 50,000 units; eyeing all-time RCA/Col total". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 1.
- ↑ "The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1983". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ↑ "Best Cinematography in Feature Film" (PDF). British Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ↑ "35th Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ↑ "Gandhi". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ↑ "26th Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ↑ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89". Kansas City Film Critics Circle. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ↑ "The 8th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards". Los Angeles Film Critics Association. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ↑ "1982 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ↑ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
- ↑ "1982 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". Mubi. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ↑ AFI's 100 YEARS...100 CHEERS American Film Institute. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ↑ AFI's 100 YEARS...100 HEROES & VILLAINS American Film Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
Further reading
- Attenborough, Richard. In Search of Gandhi (1982), memoir on making the film
- Hay, Stephen. "Attenborough's 'Gandhi,'" The Public Historian, 5#3 (1983), pp. 84–94 in JSTOR; evaluates the film's historical accuracy and finds it mixed in the first half of the film and good in the second half
External links
- Gandhi at IMDb
- Gandhi at AllMovie
- Gandhi at the TCM Movie Database (archived)
- Gandhi at Rotten Tomatoes
- Gallery of photos from the set of Gandhi Archived 27 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine at BAFTA.org
- The Gandhi Nobody Knows (movie feedback) Gandhism.net
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