Pulse nightclub shooting

First shots and hostage situation

On June 11, 2016, Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was hosting "Latin Night", a weekly Saturday night event drawing a primarily Latino crowd.^[6][7] RuPaul’s Drag Race contestant and drag queen Kenya Michaels is recorded to have been performing right as the shooting began (Michaels survived the shooting).^[8] About 320 people were still inside the club, which was serving last call drinks at around 2:00 a.m. EDT on June 12.^[9][10] At around the same time, Omar Mateen arrived at the club via rental van, parking it in the parking lot of a neighboring car shop.^[3][11] He got out and walked toward the building armed with a SIG Sauer MCX^[12] semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol.^{[13][14][15][16]} He was wearing a green, blue, and white plaid dress shirt, a white T-shirt underneath, and tan cargo pants.^[3] At 2:02 a.m., Mateen bypassed Officer Adam Gruler, a uniformed off-duty Orlando Police Department (OPD) officer working extra duty^[17][18] as a security guard, entered the building through its southern entrance, and began shooting patrons.^{[3][9][10][19]} Dozens were killed or severely injured inside the crowded nightclub, either directly or by ricochets.^[3][20]

Gruler took cover and called in a signal for assistance. He told a post-incident Police Foundation assessment team that he had immediately recognized that his handgun would be severely disadvantaged against the rifle Mateen was using.^[3] When he witnessed Mateen shooting two patrons attempting to escape through an emergency exit, Gruler fired shots at him.^[3][19][21] In response, Mateen withdrew back into the nightclub and continued shooting victims as he traversed through the building, sometimes firing into bodies without checking whether they were already dead.^[3] When additional officers arrived at the nightclub beginning at 2:04 a.m., Gruler shouted "[The gunman]'s in the patio!" and resumed firing at Mateen a minute later.^[3][18][22] Two officers joined Gruler in engaging Mateen, who then retreated farther into the nightclub and "began a 'hostage situation'" in one of the bathrooms.^{[3][9][23][24]} In less than five minutes, Mateen had fired approximately 200 rounds, pausing only to reload.^[3]

During the shooting, some of the people trapped inside the club sought help by calling or sending text messages to friends and relatives. Initially, some of them thought the gunshots were firecrackers or part of the music.^[25][26][27] Imran Yousuf, a recently discharged Marine Corps veteran working as a nightclub bouncer, immediately recognized the sounds as gunfire, which he described as "high caliber". Yousuf then noticed a locked back door near where a group of people were hiding, all too paralyzed by fear to move to open it. He then ran to and unlatched the door behind them, allowing approximately 70 people to escape unharmed.^[28][29] Many described a scene of panic and confusion caused by the loud music and darkness. One person shielded herself by hiding inside a bathroom and covering herself with bodies. A bartender said she took cover beneath the glass bar. At least one patron tried to help those who were hit.^[30] According to a man trapped inside a bathroom with fifteen other patrons, Mateen fired sixteen times into the bathroom, through the closed door, killing at least two and wounding several others.^[31]

According to one of the hostages, Mateen entered a bathroom in the nightclub's northwest side and opened fire on the people hiding there, wounding several. The hostage, who had taken cover inside a stall with others, was injured by two bullets and struck with flying pieces of a wall hit by stray bullets. Shortly after entering the women's restroom, Mateen's rifle jammed. He then discarded the rifle and switched to his Glock 17 pistol.^[32][33][34] Two survivors quoted Mateen as saying, "I don't have a problem with black people",^[35][36] and that he "wouldn't stop his assault until America stopped bombing his country".^[37] Other survivors heard Mateen claim he had explosives as well as snipers stationed around the club.^[38]

Patrons trapped inside called or texted 911 to warn of the possible presence of explosives.^[39]

Emergency response

Over the next 45 minutes, about 100 officers from the OPD and the Orange County Sheriff's Office were dispatched to the scene.^[24] Among the earliest first responders to arrive were a firefighter crew from Fire Station 5 and two supporting firefighter paramedics from Fire Station 7. Eighty fire and emergency medical services personnel from the Orlando Fire Department were deployed during the entire incident.^[40] At 2:09 a.m., several minutes after the gunfire began, the club posted on its Facebook page, "Everyone get out of pulse [sic] and keep running."^[41] At 2:22 a.m., Mateen placed a 911 call, during which he mentioned the Boston Marathon bombers—Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev—as his "homeboys" and made a reference to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha, an American citizen who died in a suicide bombing in Syria in 2014.^[24][42][43] Mateen said he was inspired by Abu Salha's death for the Al-Nusra Front targeting Syrian government troops (a mutual enemy of the two Salafist groups, despite their history of violence with each other), and swore allegiance^[44] to ISIS leader al-Baghdadi.^[45] The FBI said that Mateen and Abu Salha had attended the same mosque and knew each other "casually".^[46] Mateen made two other 911 calls during the shooting.^[43] Numerous 911 calls were made by the patrons inside the nightclub around this time.^[47]

After the initial rounds of gunfire between Mateen and Gruler, six officers shot out a large glass window and followed the sound of shooting to the bathroom area. When Mateen stuck his head out from one of the bathrooms, at least two officers shot at him. After the gunfire stopped, they were ordered to hold position instead of storming the bathroom, according to one of the officers.^[19][32][48] After about 15 to 20 minutes, SWAT arrived and had the officers withdraw as the officers were "not really in tactical gear". SWAT then took over the operation.^[48] When asked why the officers did not proceed to the bathroom and engage Mateen, Orlando Police Chief John Mina said it was because Mateen "went from an active shooter to a barricaded gunman" and had hostages. He also noted, "If he had continued shooting, our officers would have went in there."^[32] At that time, the last shot by Mateen was fired between 2:10 a.m. and 2:18 a.m.^[49]

Rescues of people trapped inside the nightclub commenced and continued throughout the night. Because so many people were lying on the dance floor, one rescuing officer demanded, "If you're alive, raise your hand."^[20] By 2:35 a.m., police had managed to extract nearly all of the injured from the nightclub. Those who remained included the hostages held by Mateen in the bathroom, as well as a dozen people who were hiding inside dressing rooms.^[50]

Phone calls and negotiations

At 2:45 a.m., Mateen called News 13 of Orlando and said, "I'm the shooter. It's me. I am the shooter." He then said he was carrying out the shooting on the behalf of ISIS and began speaking rapidly in Arabic.^[51][52] Mateen also said the shooting was triggered by a U.S.-led bombing strike in Iraq that killed Abu Waheeb, an IS military commander, on May 6.^[1]

A crisis negotiator was present as Mateen was held up inside and holding hostages.^[53][54] Officers initially believed he was armed with a "suspicious device" that posed a threat, but it was later revealed to be a battery that fell out of an exit sign or smoke detector.^[55] When speaking to the negotiator he first told them that he pledged allegiance to the Islamic State and then said:

"you have to tell America to stop bombing Syria and Iraq. They are killing a lot of innocent people. What am I to do here when my people are getting killed over there?"^[56]

In response to their earlier questions he repeatedly demanded that the U.S. stop the bombings in Iraq and Syria, "... You have to tell the U.S. government to stop bombing. They are killing too many children, they are killing too many women, okay?"^[2][57] His anger was directed at Russia as well as the United States.^[2]

When the negotiator asked about the immediate situation in Orlando, "Tell me what's going on right now, Omar?" Mateen again redirected the conversation to the ongoing situation in the Middle East, "Yo, the air strike that killed Abu Wahid a few weeks ago... That's what triggered it, okay?"^[2][1] Multiple reports named Abu Waheeb—usually named as "Abu Wahid"—and described him as an ISIS leader, formerly belonging to al Qaeda in Iraq.^[1][58] Abu Wahid was killed in airstrike on a vehicle on 6 May 2016 in Rutba, the strike also killed 3 other people, whom the pentagon claimed were also "ISIL jihadists".^[59][60]

Only transcripts were released; the audio was withheld.^[61] The U.S. Department of Justice initially released partial transcripts that omitted some details, they claimed that this was because they wanted to avoid providing a public platform for "hateful propaganda".^[62] The press release did not specify that the entities that the propaganda message was directed against were the U.S. Air Force and Russian Air Force.^[62][2] Earlier versions specifically omitted the name of ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and said "(speaking in another language)" in place of the Basmala: "In the name of God the Merciful, the beneficent", but these were included in a later update.^[62][2][63]

Police hostage negotiators spoke with Mateen by telephone three times between 2:48 a.m. and 3:27 a.m.^[64] He claimed during one of the calls that he had bombs strapped to his body.^[53][64] He also claimed that he "had a vehicle in the parking lot with enough explosives to take out city blocks".^[20] At 3:58 a.m., the OPD publicly announced the shooting and confirmed multiple injuries.^[24] At 4:21 a.m., eight of the hostages escaped after police had removed an air conditioning unit from an exterior wall.^[24][64] At approximately 4:29 a.m., Mateen told negotiators that he planned to strap explosive vests, similar to those used in the November 2015 Paris attacks, to four hostages, strategically place them in different corners of the building, and detonate them in 15 minutes.^[3][39][53] OPD officers then decided to end negotiations and prepared to blow their way in.^[24][25][53]

At around 2:30 a.m., Mateen's wife—after receiving a call from her mother at approximately 2:00 a.m. asking where her husband was—sent a text message to Mateen asking where he was. Mateen texted back asking her if she had seen the news. After she replied, "No?", Mateen responded, "I love you, babe." According to one source, she texted him back at one point saying that she loved him. She also called him several times during the standoff, but he did not answer. She found out about what was happening at 4:00 a.m. after the police told her to come out of her house with her hands up.^[65][66]

A survivor of the shooting recalled Mateen saying he wanted the United States to "stop bombing his country."^[67][68] The FBI said Mateen "told a negotiator to tell America to stop bombing Syria and Iraq and that was why he was 'out here right now.'"^[64] During the siege, Mateen made Internet searches on the shooting, while police dispatched a tactical robot to discreetly enter the restroom and allow them to communicate with hostages via two-way audio.^[3]

Rescue and resolution

The FBI reported that no shots were heard between the time Mateen stopped exchanging gunfire with the first responders and 5:02 a.m., when Orlando police began breaching the building's wall.^[64] Just before the breach, Mateen entered a women's bathroom where the hostages were hiding and opened fire, killing a man who sacrificed his life to save the woman behind him and at least one other, according to witnesses.^[32][33]

At 5:05 a.m., the police said a bomb squad had set off a controlled explosion.^[24][69] At 5:07 a.m., fourteen SWAT officers—after failing to blow open a big enough hole in the bathroom's exterior wall using a bomb due to the wall's structure^[3]—successfully breached the building when a policeman drove a BearCat armored vehicle through a wall in the northern bathroom. They then used two flashbangs to distract Mateen, and shot at him.^{[19][41][50][70][71]} The breach drew Mateen out into the hallway, and at 5:14 a.m., he engaged the officers. He was shot eight times and killed in the resulting shootout, which involved at least eleven officers who fired about 150 bullets.^{[50][70][72][73][74]} He was reported down at 5:17 a.m.^[70] His autopsy report revealed that he was not drunk during the shooting, and he was hit once in the head, three times in the torso, and four times in the legs.^[75]

At 5:53 a.m., the Orlando police posted on Twitter, "Pulse Shooting: The shooter inside the club is dead."^[24] Thirty hostages were freed during the police operation.^[19][76] The survivors were searched by police for guns and explosives.^[39]

Fatalities

39 people, including Mateen, were pronounced dead at the scene, and eleven at local hospitals.^[30][41] Of the 38 victims to die at the scene, 20 died on the stage area and dance floor, nine in the nightclub's northern bathroom, four in the southern bathroom, three on the stage, one at the front lobby, and one out on a patio.^[20][34] At least five of the dead were not killed during the initial volley of gunfire by Mateen, but during the hostage situation in the bathroom.^[50]

Pulse was hosting a Latin Night; over 90% of the victims were of Hispanic background, and half of those were of Puerto Rican descent.^[78][79] Four Dominican and three Mexican nationals were also among the dead.^[80][81] An off-duty United States Army Reserve captain at the club who was not in uniform was also killed.^[82][83]

The attack was the deadliest mass shooting by a single shooter in United States history, until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.^{[84][85][86][87][88]} It is also the deadliest incident of violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in the history of the United States—surpassing the 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack^[89]—and the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since the September 11 attacks in 2001.^[30][90][91]

The names and ages of the victims killed were confirmed by the City of Orlando after their next of kin had been notified:^[92][93]

Autopsies of the 49 dead were completed by the Orange County Medical Examiner's Office by June 14,^[94] and their results were released in early August. According to the autopsy reports, many of the victims were shot multiple times in the front or side, and from a short distance. More than a third were shot in the head, and most had multiple bullet wounds and were likely shot more than 3 ft (0.91 m) away. In total, there were over 200 gunshot wounds.^{[95][96][97][98]}

Injuries

Many of the injured underwent surgery.^[99] 44 people were taken to the Orlando Regional Medical Center (ORMC), the primary regional trauma center three blocks away; twelve others went to Florida Hospital Orlando.^{[94][100][101]} Nine of ORMC's patients died there, and by June 14, 27 remained hospitalized, with six in critical condition.^[102] ORMC performed 76 surgeries on 35 patients.^[103] The last of the injured was discharged from ORMC on September 6, nearly three months after the shooting.^[102]

Three Colombians and two Canadians were among the injured.^[104][105] Additionally, a responding SWAT officer received a minor head injury when a bullet hit his Kevlar helmet.^[106]

Personal life

From October 2006 until April 2007, Mateen trained to be a prison guard for the Florida Department of Corrections. As a probationary employee, he received an "administrative termination (not involving misconduct)"^[115] upon a warden's recommendation after Mateen joked about bringing a gun to school.^[116] Mateen unsuccessfully pursued a career in law enforcement, failing to become a Florida state trooper in 2011 and to gain admission to a police academy in 2015.^[115] According to a police academy classmate, Mateen threatened to shoot his classmates at a cookout in 2007 "after his hamburger touched pork" in violation of Islamic dietary laws.^{[117][118][119][120]} Other witnesses said that they saw Mateen drink alcohol and get drunk.^[121][122]

Since 2007, he had been a security guard for G4S Secure Solutions.^[123][124] The company said two screenings—one conducted upon hiring and the other in 2013—had raised no red flags.^[125] Mateen held an active statewide firearms license and an active security officer license,^[126][127] had passed a psychological test, and had no criminal record.^[128] After the shooting, the psychologist who reportedly evaluated and cleared Mateen for his firearms license in 2007 denied ever meeting him or having lived in Florida at the time, and said she had stopped her practice in Florida in January 2006. G4S admitted Mateen's form had a "clerical error" and clarified that he had instead been cleared by another psychologist from the firm that bought the wrongly named doctor's practice. This doctor had not interviewed Mateen, but evaluated the results of a standard test used in the screening he undertook before being hired.^[129] G4S was subsequently fined for lapses in its psychological testing program.^[130]

In 2009, Mateen married his first wife, who left him after a few months; the couple's divorce became final in 2011. At the time of the shooting, Mateen was married to his second wife, Noor Salman,^[131] and had a young son.^[132] Following the nightclub attack, his first wife said Mateen was "mentally unstable and mentally ill", was "obviously disturbed, deeply, and traumatized", was often physically abusive, and had a history of using steroids.^{[133][134][135][136]} His autopsy revealed signs of long-term and habitual steroid use, so more toxicology tests were ordered for confirmation.^[137] As of July 15, 2016, federal investigators were uncertain whether Mateen's steroid use was a factor in the attack.^[138]

In September 2016, an imam for a mosque in Kissimmee released video footage showing an individual who appeared to be Mateen on June 8, four days before the shooting, praying for about ten minutes. The imam said Mateen was praying there with his wife and child, and had no verbal exchanges with any of the other attendants. Though the FBI was already in possession of the mosque's security recordings, the video footage was released to the public only after a series of bombings or bombing attempts in New York and New Jersey, and a mass stabbing at a Minnesota shopping mall in September 2016.^[139]

Motive

In the hours before the shooting, Mateen used several Facebook accounts to write posts vowing vengeance for American airstrikes in Iraq and Syria and to search for content related to terrorism. These posts, since deleted, were recovered and included in an open letter^[140] by Senate Homeland Security Chairman Ron Johnson to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg seeking further information about Mateen's use of the site.^{[141][142][143]}

During the shooting, Mateen made a 911 call claiming it was an act of retaliation for the airstrike killing of, among others, IS militant Abu Waheeb in the previous month. He told the negotiator to tell America to stop the bombing.^[1][144]

Despite numerous anonymous and named reports of LGBTQ connections,^{[145][146][147][148][149]} the FBI was unable to verify any claims that Mateen was homosexual or frequented gay bars.^[150] The FBI investigation found the witnesses claiming Mateen's homosexuality were mistaken or refused to go on the record, and doubts that Mateen was gay.^[151][152] Law enforcement sources said the FBI found no photographs, text messages, smartphone apps, pornography, or cell tower location data to suggest Mateen lived a gay life, closeted or otherwise.^[150][153]

On the day of the shooting, Mateen's father, Mir Seddique Mateen, said that he had seen his son get angry after seeing a gay couple kiss in front of his family at the Bayside Marketplace in Miami months prior to the shooting, which he suggested might have been a motivating factor.^{[21][154][155]} Two days later, after his son's sexual orientation became a subject of speculation, Mateen's father said he did not believe his son was homosexual.^[156] Mateen's ex-wife, however, claimed that his father called him gay while in her presence. Speaking on her behalf, her current fiancé said that she, his family, and others believed he was gay, and that "the FBI asked her not to tell this to the American media".^[133]

During the trial of his wife Noor Salman,^[131] in March 2018, her defense revealed in a motion that Mateen had Googled "downtown Orlando nightclubs" and, after passing Disney Springs, traveled between Pulse and the Eve Orlando Nightclub before choosing to target Pulse. Cell phone records indicate that the final selection of the Pulse appears to have been made based on the lack of security – not because it was a gay club.^[157] Trial witnesses said the decision to target Pulse was made at the last minute,^[158] and the defense's motion argued that this "strongly suggests that the attack on Pulse was not a result of a prior plan to attack a gay nightclub".^[159]

Victim assistance efforts

The FBI's Office of Victim Assistance (OVA) provided information, assistance services, and resources to the victims and witnesses of the shooting that, depending on their case-by-case eligibility, may have consisted of "special funding to provide emergency assistance, crime victim compensation, and counseling."^[173] The OVA, through its Victim Assistance Rapid Deployment Team and Crisis Response Canines, also provided help to responders of the shooting in the days following June 12.^[174]

Immediately after the shooting, many people lined up to donate blood at local blood donation centers and bloodmobile locations when OneBlood, a regional blood donation agency, urged people to donate.^[175][176] The surge in blood donations and the fact that the shooting occurred in a gay nightclub spotlighted the Food and Drug Administration's controversial federal policy that forbids men who had sex with men in the past year from donating blood. Despite expressions of frustration and disapproval by a number of gay and bisexual men, and LGBTQ activists across the country and a group of Democratic lawmakers^[177] urging the ban to be lifted, the FDA stated on June 14 that it had no plans to change the regulation and would reevaluate its policies "as new scientific information becomes available."^{[178][179][180]}

A victims' assistance center, Orlando Family Assistance Center, was opened on June 15 inside Camping World Stadium by the City of Orlando.^[181][182] During the eight days it was open, it provided help to 956 people from 298 families. Those remaining were then directed to the newly opened Orlando United Assistance Center jointly set up by the City and Orange County, which, according to the mayor of Orlando, "will stay open as long as there is a need."^[183][184]

The two hospitals that treated Pulse victims, Orlando Regional Medical Center and Florida Hospital, announced in late August that they will not be billing the survivors or pursuing reimbursement.^[185][186]

The City of Orlando offered free plots and funeral services at the city-owned Greenwood Cemetery for those killed in the shooting.^{[187][188][189]}

Fundraising campaigns

Equality Florida, the state's largest LGBTQ rights group, started a fundraising page to aid the victims and their families, raising $767,000 in the first nine hours.^{[162][190][191]} As of September 22, 2016, they have raised over $7.85 million online, a record for GoFundMe, with over 119,400 donors and an average of about $66 per donation.^{[192][193][194]}

Another fundraising campaign, OneOrlando, was established by Mayor Buddy Dyer.^[195] The Walt Disney Company and NBCUniversal, which operate the nearby Walt Disney World Resort and Universal Orlando Resort, respectively, each donated $1 million to the fund.^[196][197] As of August 12, OneOrlando has raised $23 million,^[198] with a draft proposal to start payouts starting September 27 on a rolling basis in which the highest compensations will go to the families of the 49 people killed, followed by the 50 victims who were physically injured and hospitalized for one night or more. OneOrlando's fund administrator said that the draft has not decided whether to pay people who were held hostage but were not injured, and will take public feedback in two 90-minute hearings to be held on August 4. A timeline of the draft proposal was released.^[199][200] On August 11, its board of directors decided that the funds will only be dispersed to "the families of the dead, survivors who were hospitalized, survivors who sought outpatient medical treatment, and those who were present in the club when the shootings began but not physically injured," and that family members and survivors can file claims until the September 12 deadline.^[198] As of December 1, OneOrlando paid out over $27.4 million to 299 recipients, according to officials, with six more claims worth an additional $2.1 million still being contested among family members of the slain victims.^[201]

IDW Publishing and DC Entertainment created Love Is Love, a graphic novel sold to raise money for the victims. The novel became a New York Times best seller and more than $165,000 was raised. Through Equality Florida, the proceeds were donated to the OneOrlando Fund.^[202]

Release of transcripts and videos

A total of 603 calls to 911 were made by victims, family members and friends of victims, bystanders, and rescue workers during the entire shooting.^[203] On June 14, two dozen news agencies sent a four-page letter to Orlando's city attorney jointly demanding the release of recordings that 911 callers made on the night of the shooting. The letter also contained a request for scanner and dispatch recordings. The Orlando police refused to release the recordings, citing an "ongoing investigation."^[204][205] June 20, the FBI released a transcript of the first call by the shooter and a summary of three calls with police negotiators.^[64] On July 14, the University of Central Florida Police Department released nine body camera videos of UCFPD officers who rushed to Pulse to help Orlando police officers during the incident.^[206]

On July 18, the City of Orlando released a detailed 71-page document of OPD officers' accounts and responses to the shooting. Requests to release recordings of 911 calls, police radio transmissions, and the exchanges between law enforcement and Mateen were denied, citing disagreements over whether they fall under local or federal jurisdiction. The status on the authority over the recordings is pending a court ruling.^{[207][208][209]} On July 20, the Orange County Sheriff's Office released video footage from a body camera worn by one of its deputies during the incident.^[210] On July 26, the Orange County Fire Rescue released a recording of a 911 call made during the shooting.^[211] On July 29, the OCSO released dozens of pages of documents detailing the deputies' individual accounts of their involvement in the shooting.^[212][213] On August 30, the OCSO released the 911 calls it received during the shooting.^[214][215] Two days later, OPD and the city of Orlando released nine of the hundreds of 911 calls made by friends and relatives outside of Pulse during the incident; the rest are locked in a legal dispute between media groups, OPD, and the city of Orlando.^{[216][217][218][219]}

On September 14, the city of Orlando released 23 additional 911 calls made during the shooting.^[220][221] These included calls made from rescue workers advising preparedness for dozens of victims,^[203] a patron who escaped from Pulse with a friend who was shot, and the brother of a woman who was shot several times and trapped inside a bathroom in the nightclub.^[222] On October 31, the City of Orlando released nearly 30 minutes of recordings of police negotiators talking with Mateen during the course of the shooting, after a judge with the Ninth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida ruled that these calls should be made public. A total of 232 other calls are still being withheld by the city.^[223][224]

On November 10, the Orange County Sheriff's office released about two dozen videos of body camera footage of officers at the perimeter of the nightclub during the shooting. The footage, which was heavily censored, depicted officers conducting searches of bathrooms in the nightclub and tending to survivors.^{[225][226][227]} On November 14, the City of Orlando released 36 police audio recordings made during the shooting, which record officers' attempts to contact Mateen, their remarks on his "serious, unruffled attitude," and their conversations about how to respond to the hostage situation.^[228][229] Also released that day was an additional 911 call made by a woman who made it out of the nightclub with her sister, who was shot.^[230] The next day, on November 15, 21 additional 911 calls were released.^[49][231] This was followed by three additional hours of 911 calls released on November 16. In many of these calls, people trapped inside bathrooms, kitchens, and an upstairs office were questioning why police had yet to enter the nightclub.^[49] Two days later, on November 18, 107 pages of transcripts of more than 30 911 calls were released. These calls were made during the first ten minutes of the shooting, and had to be released in the form of transcripts after a judge deemed them too graphic to be released as audio recordings. According to a city spokesman, all 911 calls made during the shooting have now been released to the public.^{[232][233][234]}

Future of Pulse

On September 14, 2016, the City of Orlando announced it would pay $4,518 to erect a new fence around the Pulse nightclub on September 19. The fence would feature a commemorative screen-wrap with local artwork that would serve as a memorial to the victims and survivors of the shooting.^[235][236] It will also be smaller than the nightclub's previous fence, in order to allow for more efficient navigation by passers-by.^[235] In November, the City of Orlando announced its plans to purchase the Pulse nightclub and turn the site into a memorial for the victims and survivors of the shooting.

Classification

Officials have characterized the shooting as an act of terrorism. FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Ron Hopper^[237] called the shooting a hate crime and an act of terrorism;^[238] and Jerry Demings, a sheriff from the Orange County Sheriff's Office, classified it as domestic terrorism.^[9] City of Orlando Chief of Police John W. Mina said Mateen seemed organized and well-prepared.^[239] On March 13, 2018, the time of Mateen's wife's trial for aiding the attack, the FBI had still declined to classify it as a hate crime, and the prosecution said it had never contemplated arguing Mateen had targeted homosexuals.^[240] They instead only (unsuccessfully) argued she provided material support to a foreign terrorist organization.^[241]

On June 13, FBI Director James Comey told reporters, "So far, we see no indication that this was a plot directed from outside the United States and we see no indication that he was part of any kind of network." He said the United States Intelligence Community was "highly confident that this killer was radicalized at least in part through the Internet,"^[242] and that the investigation had found "strong indications of radicalization by this killer and of potential inspiration by foreign terrorist organizations."^[243] Several days after the shooting, the FBI announced on its website that it has become "the lead law enforcement agency responsible for investigating the shooting at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, on June 12, 2016."^[173] The agency took the lead after the shooting was classified as a terrorist attack due to Mateen's pledge of allegiance to IS during the event.^[73]

According to Senator Ron Johnson, Mateen searched online for references to the shooting during the attack, and made posts on Facebook expressing his support for Islamic State, saying "You kill innocent women and children by doing us [sic] airstrikes. Now taste the Islamic state vengeance."^[244]

Weapons

Federal officials said a SIG Sauer MCX semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol were recovered from Mateen's body, along with additional rounds.^{[16][245][246]} Mateen had legally purchased the two guns used in the shooting from a shop in Port St. Lucie: the SIG Sauer MCX rifle on June 4 and the Glock 17 pistol on June 5.^[12][247] He and law enforcement were reported to have fired over 200 rounds.^{[27][248][249]} From his car, "hundreds of rounds" were found along with a .38-caliber Smith & Wesson revolver; this gun was not used in the shooting.^[73][246]

Previous FBI investigation of Mateen and cooperation with Seddique

Mateen became a person of interest to the FBI in May 2013 and July 2014. The 2013 investigation was opened after he made comments to coworkers about being a member of Hezbollah and having family connections in al-Qaeda,^[250] and that he had ties to Nidal Hasan—perpetrator of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting—and Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev—perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombing. According to new documents released on July 18, Mateen said that he made these comments in response to "a lot of harassment" and frequent derogatory epithets made by St. Lucie County Sheriff's deputies and his G4S coworkers, who taunted and made jokes about him being a possible Muslim extremist.^[251][252] The comments resulted in his employer G4S removing Mateen from his post and the county sheriff reporting him to the FBI.^[252][253] The documents also show him saying that he was "1000% American" and writing that he was against any "anti-American" and "anti-humanity" terrorist organizations.^[251]

The 2014 investigation was opened after he was linked to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha,^[110] an American radical who committed a suicide bombing in Syria. Mateen was interviewed three times in connection with the two investigations. Both cases were closed after finding nothing that warranted further investigation.^{[126][242][254]} After the shooting, Director Comey said the FBI will review its work and methods used in the two investigations. When asked if anything could have or should have been done differently in regard to Mateen, or the FBI's intelligence and actions in relation to him, Comey replied, "So far, the honest answer is, 'I don't think so.'"^[255]

A little over a month after the shooting, the FBI provided more details about its May 2013 to March 2014 investigation into Mateen, which was closed after a veteran FBI agent assigned to the case and his supervisor concluded that "there was just nothing there" and removed his name from the Terrorist Watchlist. Mateen was interviewed twice during the investigation, and had provided a written statement in which he confessed that he had previously lied to FBI investigators. During the investigation, the FBI had tracked his daily routine using unmarked vehicles, closely examined his phone records, and used two informants to secretly record his face-to-face conversations. The FBI Director said that they could have taken more initiative in gaining access to his social media accounts in 2013, but noted that back then such checks were not yet "part of [their] investigative DNA". However, it would not have mattered, as the analysis of Mateen's computer after the shooting showed that his social media accounts, including Facebook, had no ties to any terrorist groups, and that he did not post any "radical statements" until the early morning of the shooting. The FBI in 2013 also did not have the probable cause needed to obtain a search warrant in order to secretly listen to his phone calls or probe into Mateen's computer.^[256]

On July 26, a Senate homeland security committee chairman sent a four-page letter to the inspector general of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) requesting an independent review of the FBI's 2013 and 2014 investigations. He wrote that if Mateen had stayed on the FBI watchlist, the federal agency would have been notified if he tried to purchase firearms, in which case "law enforcement potentially could have uncovered information on social media or elsewhere of Mateen's radicalization".^[257]

On March 24, 2018, after the discovery period Sara Sweeney, the assistant attorney prosecuting Mateen's wife, disclosed to her defense that her father-in-law, Seddique Mateen, was an FBI informant at various points between January 2005 and June 2016.^[131] Agent Juvenal Martin, who handled the elder Mateen since 2006, said he considered making Omar an informant as well, after investigating and clearing him in 2013.^[258][259]

Searches and possible accomplices

U.S. officials said Islamic State (IS) may have inspired Mateen without training, instructing, or having a direct connection with him.^{[170][260][261]} Investigators have said no evidence linking Mateen to the group has emerged, and have cautioned that the shooting may have been IS-inspired without being IS-directed,^[262] as was the case in the December 2, 2015, attack in San Bernardino, California.^[26][263] Yoram Schweitzer of the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies suggested that Mateen associated the attack with IS to add to the notoriety of the incident, and said it was very unlikely that IS had known of him before the shooting.^[170]

On June 16, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John Brennan told the Senate Intelligence Committee that his agency was unable to uncover any link between Mateen and IS.^[264]

Following the shooting, officers from multiple federal, state, and local law-enforcement agencies—including the FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), St. Lucie County Sheriff's Office, and Fort Pierce Police Department—converged on Mateen's home in Fort Pierce and another home in Port St. Lucie. A bomb squad checked Mateen's Fort Pierce home for explosives.^[265] In June 2016, the House Intelligence Committee said that United States investigators "are searching for details about the Saudi Arabia trips Mateen made in 2011 and 2012."^{[266][267][268]}

Senate Intelligence Committee member Angus King said that Mateen's second wife appears to have had "some knowledge of what was going on."^[269][270] Media reports, citing anonymous law enforcement officials, said she was with Mateen as he scouted possible Orlando-area targets (including the Walt Disney World Resort's Disney Springs and the Pulse nightclub) and that she was also with him when he purchased ammunition and a holster in the months leading up to the attack.^{[271][272][273]}

FBI investigation

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In July 2016, law enforcement officials reported that, after conducting "interviews and an examination of his computer and other electronic media", the FBI had not found any evidence that Mateen targeted Pulse because the nightclub was a venue for gays or whether the attack was motivated by homophobia. According to witnesses, he did not make any homophobic comments during the shooting. Furthermore, nothing has been found confirming the speculation that he was gay and used gay dating apps; however, the FBI "has found evidence that Mateen was cheating on his wife with other women". Officials noted that "there is nothing to suggest that he attempted to cover up his tracks by deleting files". Generally, "a complete picture of what motivated Mateen remains murky and may never be known since he was killed in a shootout with police and did not leave a manifesto".^[150] The FBI has yet to conclude its investigation as of 2016^[update].^{[needs update][73][284]}

Evaluations of performance of law enforcement

Two former SWAT members, one an active-shooter tactics expert and trainer, expressed misgivings about the three-hour delay in breaching the nightclub, citing the lesson learned from other mass shootings that officers can minimize casualties only by entering a shooting location expeditiously, even if it means putting themselves at great risk.^[285]

At the request of John Mina, the Orlando chief of police, the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) conducted a third-party "after-action assessment" of the Orlando Police Department's response to the shooting and its overall preparedness.^[286][287] COPS commissioned the Police Foundation to prepare the report, which was released in December 2017. The report concluded that the Orlando Police Department response "was appropriate and consistent with national guidelines and best practices" and saved lives.^[288] The report stated: "The initial tactical response was consistent with the OPD's active shooter training and recognized promising practices. However, as the incident became more complex and prolonged, transitioning from a barricaded suspect with hostages to an act of terrorism, the OPD's operational tactics and strategies were challenged by the increasing threat posed by the suspect's claim of improvised explosive devices inside the club and in vehicles surrounding the club."^[288] The report authors noted that they lacked access to FBI reports and other data about the crime scene and shooter, and did not have information about "potential law enforcement friendly fire".^[288]

In April 2017, the Orlando Sentinel obtained a copy of a 78-page presentation given by Mina to some ten police groups located around the world, which discussed the OPD's response to the attack and what it has learned. The presentation offered a comprehensive timeline of the attack and included diagrams and still photos from body camera footage showing officers in their initial confrontation with Mateen. According to the presentation, 500 interviews were conducted, 1,600 leads were followed up on, more than 950 pieces of evidence were collected, and more than 300 people were subpoenaed.^[20]

In December 2016, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement completed a 35-page "after-action report" about its response to the nightclub during the shooting.^[289][290] The report was publicly released in August 2017 after a public records request made by the Orlando Sentinel.^[289][290] The report generally praised the FDLE's handling of the nightclub shootings, but detailed the agency's difficulties in notifying families and complications arising from its inter-agency policies, which led to them not immediately sharing information about the shooting with federal investigators.^[289][290]