Network virtualization

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In computing, network virtualization is the process of combining hardware and software network resources and network functionality into a single, software-based administrative entity, a virtual network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource virtualization.

Network virtualization is categorized as either external virtualization, combining many networks or parts of networks into a virtual unit, or internal virtualization, providing network-like functionality to software containers on a single network server.

In software testing, software developers use network virtualization to test software which are under development in a simulation of the network environments in which the software is intended to operate. As a component of application performance engineering, network virtualization enables developers to emulate connections between applications, services, dependencies, and end users in a test environment without having to physically test the software on all possible hardware or system software. The validity of the test depends on the accuracy of the network virtualization in emulating real hardware and operating systems.

Components

Various equipment and software vendors offer network virtualization by combining any of the following:

• Network hardware, such as switches and network adapters, also known as network interface cards (NICs)
• Network elements, such as firewalls and load balancers
• Networks, such as virtual LANs (VLANs) and containers such as virtual machines (VMs)
• Network storage devices
• Network machine-to-machine elements, such as telecommunications devices
• Network mobile elements, such as laptop computers, tablet computers, and smartphones
• Network media, such as Ethernet and Fibre Channel

External virtualization

External network virtualization combines or subdivides one or more local area networks (LANs) into virtual networks to improve a large network's or data center's efficiency. A virtual local area network (VLAN) and network switch comprise the key components. Using this technology, a system administrator can configure systems physically attached to the same local network into separate virtual networks. Conversely, an administrator can combine systems on separate local area networks (LANs) into a single VLAN spanning segments of a large network.

External network virtualization is envisioned to be placed in the middle of the network stack and help integrating different architectures proposed for next generation networks.^[1]

Internal virtualization

Internal network virtualization configures a single system with OS-level virtualization, such as Xen hypervisor control programs, or pseudo-interfaces, such as a VNIC, to emulate a physical network with software. This can improve a single system's efficiency by isolating applications to separate containers or pseudo-interfaces.^[2]

Use in testing

Network virtualization may be used in application development and testing to mimic real-world hardware and system software. In application performance engineering, network virtualization enables emulation of connections between applications, services, dependencies, and end users for software testing.

Wireless network virtualization

Wireless network virtualization can have a very broad scope ranging from spectrum sharing, infrastructure virtualization, to air interface virtualization. Similar to wired network virtualization, in which physical infrastructure owned by one or more providers can be shared among multiple service providers, wireless network virtualization needs the physical wireless infrastructure and radio resources to be abstracted and isolated to a number of virtual resources, which then can be offered to different service providers. In other words, virtualization, regardless of wired or wireless networks, can be considered as a process splitting the entire network system. However, the distinctive properties of the wireless environment, in terms of time-various channels, attenuation, mobility, broadcast, etc., make the problem more complicated. Furthermore, wireless network virtualization depends on specific access technologies, and wireless network contains much more access technologies compared to wired network virtualization and each access technology has its particular characteristics, which makes convergence, sharing and abstraction difficult to achieve. Therefore, it may be inaccurate to consider wireless network virtualization as a subset of network virtualization.^[3]

Performance

Until 1 Gbit/s networks, network virtualization was not suffering from the overhead of the software layers or hypervisor layers providing the interconnects. With the rise of high bandwidth, 10 Gbit/s and beyond, the rates of packets exceed the capabilities of processing of the networking stacks.^{[citation needed]} In order to keep offering high throughput processing, some combinations of software and hardware helpers are deployed in the so-called "network in a box" associated with either a hardware-dependent network interface controller (NIC) using SRIOV extensions of the hypervisor or either using a fast path technology between the NIC and the payloads (virtual machines or containers).

For example, in case of Openstack, network is provided by Neutron which leverages many features from the Linux kernel for networking: iptables, iproute2, L2 bridge, L3 routing or OVS. Since the Linux kernel cannot sustain the 10G packet rate^{[citation needed]}, then some bypass technologies for a fast path are used. The main bypass technologies are either based on a limited set of features such as Open vSwitch (OVS) with its DPDK user space implementation or based on a full feature and offload of Linux processing such as 6WIND virtual accelerator.

See also

References

Further reading

• Esposito, Flavio; Matta, Ibrahim; Ishakian, Vatche (2011). "Slice Embedding Solutions for Distributed Service Architectures" (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 46 (1): 1–29. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.300.4425. doi:10.1145/2522968.2522974. hdl:2144/11382. S2CID 2307120. Retrieved 5 December 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
• Chowdhury, N.M. Mosharaf Kabir; Boutaba, Raouf (2010). "A survey of network virtualization". Computer Networks. 54 (5): 862–876. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2009.10.017. ISSN 1389-1286.
• Berl, Andreas; Fischer, Andreas; de Meer, Hermann (2009). "Using System Virtualization to Create Virtualized Networks". Electronic Communications of the EASST. 17: 1–12. ISSN 1863-2122.
• Fischer, Andreas; Botero, Juan Felipe; Beck, Michael Till; de Meer, Hermann; Hesselbach, Xavier (2013). "Virtual Network Embedding: A Survey". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 15 (4): 1–19. doi:10.1109/SURV.2013.013013.00155. hdl:2117/20996. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 206584013.

External links

• NetworkVirtualization.com | News Archived 2008-05-30 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 June 2008
• RAD VPLS Tutorial Archived 2017-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Types of VPNs Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
• Network functions Virtualization(NFV) Benefits Archived 2021-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
• VMware A Guide to SDN, SD-WAN, NFV, and VNF retrieved 3 September 2025