Java Class Library

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The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages can call at run time. It is the standard library of Java and other JVM languages, and is thus sometimes called the Java Standard Library.^[1] Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. Since Java 9, the Java Class Library can be accessed through module path using the Java Platform Module System.

JCL serves three purposes within the JVM:

• Like other standard code libraries, they provide the programmer a well-known set of useful facilities, such as container classes and regular expression processing.
• The library provides an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system, such as network access and file access.
• Some underlying platforms may not support all of the features a Java application expects. In these cases, the library implementation can either emulate those features or provide a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature.

It uses the namespaces java.*, javax.*, and jdk.*. Some bundled classes may reside in namespaces like sun.* or com.sun.* (for Sun Microsystems), but they are not considered part of the standard library. The javax namespace was primarily associated with Java Platform, Enterprise Edition as extension packages to the Java standard library.

Implementation and configuration

JCL is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that need direct access to the hardware and operating system (such as for I/O or bitmap graphics), which are instead written in C++.^[2] The classes that give access to these functions commonly use Java Native Interface wrappers to access operating system APIs.

Almost all of JCL is stored in a single Java archive file called "rt.jar" which is provided with JRE and JDK distributions. The Java Class Library (rt.jar) is located in the default bootstrap classpath^[3] and does not have to appear in the classpath declared for the application. The runtime uses the bootstrap class loader to find the JCL.

The Java Module System (part of the Java 9 release) broke the monolithic "rt.jar" JAR file and modularized the JCL itself in several modules with specified dependencies.^[4]

Conformance

Any Java implementation must pass the Java Technology Compatibility Kit tests for compliance, which includes JCL tests.

Main features

JCL Features are accessed through classes provided in packages.

• java.lang contains fundamental classes and interfaces closely tied to the language and runtime system.
• I/O and networking access the platform file system, and more generally networks through the java.io, java.nio and java.net packages. For networking, SCTP is available through com.sun.nio.sctp.
• Mathematics package: java.math provides mathematical expressions and evaluation, as well as arbitrary-precision decimal and integer number datatypes.
• Collections and Utilities : built-in Collection data structures, and utility classes, for regular expressions, concurrency, logging and data compression.
• GUI and 2D Graphics: the AWT package (java.awt) basic GUI operations and binds to the underlying native system. It also contains the 2D Graphics API. The Swing package (javax.swing) is built on AWT and provides a platform-independent widget toolkit, as well as a pluggable look and feel. It also deals with editable and non-editable text components.
• Sound: interfaces and classes for reading, writing, sequencing, and synthesizing of sound data.
• Text: java.text deals with text, dates, numbers and messages.
• Image package: java.awt.image and javax.imageio provide APIs to write, read, and modify images.
• XML: SAX, DOM, StAX, XSLT transforms, XPath and various APIs for Web services, as SOAP protocol and JAX-WS.
• Security is provided by java.security and encryption services are provided by javax.crypto.
• Databases: access to SQL databases via java.sql
• Access to Scripting engines: The javax.script package gives access to any conforming Scripting language.
• Applets: java.applet allows applications to be downloaded over a network and run within a guarded sandbox
• Java Beans: java.beans provides ways to manipulate reusable components.
• Introspection and reflection: java.lang.Class represents a class, but other classes such as Method and Constructor are available in java.lang.reflect.

Licensing

Alternative implementations

GNU Classpath is the other main free software class library for Java. Contrary to other implementations, it only implements the Class Library, and is used by many free Java runtimes (like Kaffe, SableVM, JamVM).

Apache Harmony was another free software class library. Its aim was to implement the other parts of the Java stack (Virtual Machine, Compiler, and other tools required for any Java implementation).

See also

• Java Platform, Standard Edition
• List of Java APIs
• OpenJDK
• Free Java implementations
• Standard library
• Java applet

References

External links

• Java SE Main page
• Java SE 24 API Javadocs
• Java SE API documentation
• Java software development kits (status as of August 2006^[update]):
  • 1.7 (early development)
  • 1.6 (stable, current)
  • 1.5 (stable)
  • 1.4 (stable)
  • 1.3 (obsolete)